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LITERAL MEANING | LESS LITERAL | MORE FIGURATIVE | FIGURATIVE (IDIOM) |
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He puts out the cat. place outside |
They put out a quality product. place away from (produce, distribute to the public) |
A fireman puts out fires. act to extinguish or cause not to exist |
I don't want to put you out. anger, upset (trouble someone; displace someone from his/her comfort) |
She puts her earrings in a box. place within a space, not out |
She puts the flowers in a vase. place mostly within (places stems inside not the flowers) |
She puts in four hours of time. work for a particular amount of time, contribute to a central effort |
The ship puts in for fresh provisions. bring a ship to port (figuratively) put the anchor on a ship in the water (literally) |
He puts his keys on a table. place something above or horizontally so that it is touching a supporting surface |
He puts pictures on the walls. attach something to a vertical surface |
She puts her coat on. get into or wear clothing on the body |
Are you putting me on? joke, deceive, trick, fool (display someone as a fool) |
literal meaning — has a "word for word" meaning; each word carries its primary dictionary meaning
less literal — a second or third meaning for a word in the dictionary (not central, additional, older, or new meaning)
more figurative — a fourth or subsequent (5th, 6th, 7th, etc.) meaning
figurative — idiom, two or more words together express a meaning (each word does not keep its dictionary meaning)
Related pages: Verb + Prep (List) | Adjective + Prep Phrase (List) | Participle Modifier & Preposition (List) | Noun + Prep Phrase | Verb + Prep + Gerund (List)| Verbal Idioms ("phrasal verbs").
UNSPECIFIED PREPOSITION (MORE THAN ONE) |
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In general, verbs that accept an unspecified preposition (more than one) have literal meanings—each word has its own meaning. For example, one of several prepositions can head the prepositional phrase He fell ____. (e.g., down, over, upside-down, on the ground, under a bus, over a balcony). |
HAS A LITERALMEANING |
Olivia arrives at school at 8:00 a.m. ("a precise point") (in class, on campus) |
Olivia gets on the bus on Monday. ("a supporting surface") (in class, on campus, up the hill, over the fence, etc.) |
Olivia lives in the city. ("a bounded or enclosed area") (at home, under a bridge, by me, up the hill, etc.) |
Olivia runs into the classroom. ("inside an enclosed location") (under the bridge, by the field, above the river, to the gym, etc.) |
SPECIFIED PREPOSITION (ONE IN PARTICULAR) |
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Verbs that require a specified (one particular) preposition are expressions that are either (1 ) figurative —the verb is literal but the preposition is metaphorical— or (2) idiomatic— neither verb nor preposition keeps its original meaning; they are paired together to form a particular a meaning. |
HAS (1) A FIGURATIVE MEANING OR (2) IDIOMATIC MEANING |
(1) Olivia arrived at the solution after a while. (fig."a point of success") (2) Olivia goes at math problems. (idiom "attacks, works energetically") |
(1) Olivia gets on a new diet every week. (fig. "a diet recommendation") (2) Olivia gets on her clothes before she eats. (idiom "dresses, clothes [v.]") |
(1) Olivia lives in harmony. (fig. "a bounded concept") (in–style, peace, jeopardy) (2) Olivia reins in her spending. (idiom "controls her spending") |
(1) Olivia ran into trouble. (fig. "inside a situation") (2) Olivia ran into a friend. (idiom "met by chance") |
figurative (Adj) – metaphorical, an expression, not word for word meaning based on the dictionary
verbal idiom (N) – "An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be systematically derived from meaning that the parts have when used independently of each other…An idiom is a lexical unit." (Huddleston 4 §6)
literal (Adj) – word for word following the dictionary meaning
metaphorical (Adj) – having a quality that describes something as being like another thing; "Life is like a box of chocolates." —Forrest Gump
(Huddleston "Constructions containing prepositional verbs" 4 §6.1.s2) (Swan "Phrasal Verbs" 599, "Prepositional Verbs" 600)
Also see Verbal Idioms (Phrasal Verbs) | Prepositional Uses.
VERB + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE | |
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A verb, depending on its meaning, can usually be followed by more than one preposition or prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase adds modifying information about the action. In this case, the verb is unspecified (not restricted to one preposition.) |
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TRANSITIVE VERB | PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE |
[N + VERB] ⇒ | ACCCEPTS MORE THAN ONE PREP |
Olivia laughs (laugh = express amusement) |
at school. on the playground. in class. |
Olivia ran (ran = moved on foot) |
on the track. into the waves. |
VERB + PARTICLE | |
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A verb that is paired with a particular preposition to express a desired meaning is said to take a specified preposition (restricted to one preposition to express the meaning.) In this case, the preposition is actually a particle¹, because it does not carry any meaning on its own. |
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TRANSITIVE VERB | OBJECT OF VERB |
VERB ACCEPTS ONE PREP | [V+P] ACCEPTS A NOUN PHRASE |
Olivia laughs at (laugh at = ridicule; express dislike)
|
my old shoes. foolish behavior. me. |
Olivia ran into (run into= meet by chance, crash) |
an old friend Janice. another car. |
¹ The verb is paired with the particle, which is not analyzed as part of the verb. The verb (not the particle) "takes" the object as its complement.
accepts – "takes" or "permits" (in grammar)is used to express that a word may be complemented by, followed by, another word, phrase, or structure
laugh at (verbal idiom) — make fun of, ridicule
pair – combine
Stranding is the rewording of a clause so that phrases and structures are separated. Words that combine to express a particular meaning do not make sense anymore if the words are broken apart. Two clefting methods are used below to separate ("strand") the verb from the preposition.
VERB + PREP CAN STRAND | |
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A verb that is followed by phrase with an unspecified preposition (more than one) will allow stranding because the verb does not require pairing with the preposition to express its meaning. |
|
REGROUPED INFORMATION | REST OF CLAUSE |
VERB AND PREP KEEP MEANING | |
The school at which Olivia laughs |
is there. (She often laughs at this location.) |
The track on which Olivia ran (See Wh-cleft Clauses.) |
is there. (She ran on this surface.) |
REST OF CLAUSE | REGROUPED INFORMATION |
It is (See It Cleft.) |
the gym in which Olivia plays.
|
There is
|
the track on which Olivia ran.
|
VERB + PREP CANNOT STRAND | |
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A verb that is followed by a specified preposition (one in particular) will not allow stranding because the verb requires pairing with the particle to express meaning. |
|
REGROUPED INFORMATION | REST OF CLAUSE |
VERB EXPR. LOSES MEANING | |
My shoes at which Olivia laughs (The meaning of "ridicules" is lost.) |
are [these].
|
The friend into which Olivia ran (The meaning of "chance meeting" is lost.) |
is Janice.
|
REST OF CLAUSE | REGROUPED INFORMATION |
It is |
these shoes *at which Olivia laughs. (nonsense) |
Janice is |
the friend *into whom Olivia ran. (nonsense) |
a particle (N) – is an intransitive preposition that is positioned before the complement of the verb. He put down his pencil. He went out the door. . (Huddleston "Grammaticized Prepositions" 7 §6.2)
an intransitive preposition – is a preposition that does not accept a complement. Compare an intransitive preposition [He put his tea down.]("set") to a transitive preposition: He put his tea down the drain. ("action in a particular direction")
a particle is an intransitive preposition, which does not accept a complement. In the following example, "his pencil complements the verb "put" and not the preposition "down". He went out the door. Note that the . He put down his tea. ~He put down the drain his tea.
stranding is a linguistic method of determining whether a verb and preposition can be separated (each functioning grammatically [V + P]) or not separated (functioning as a unit [verbal idiom]).
PREPOSITION | ||
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A true preposition, in a verb-preposition combination, adds more information about the activity expressed by the verb.
The preposition does not "belong" to the verb, rather it heads the prepositional phrase, which adds information. |
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Tests: Can the preposition be followed by an object? (A preposition is transitive if it requires an element to complete it but intransitive if it does not.)
Does the sentence keep its meaning if you strand (separate by rewording) the preposition from the verb?
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TRANSITIVE PREP | OBJECT OF PREP | |
SUBJ + PREDICATE | PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE | |
Olivia laughs It was at school that she laughed. |
at |
school. (location) |
Olivia came It was across the street that she came. |
across
|
the street. |
Olivia runs It was into her classroom that she ran. |
into
|
her classroom. |
INTRANSITIVE PREP | ||
Olivia went It was out that she went. |
out. (in a direction) |
(outside). |
PARTICLE | ||
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A particle does not add more information to the verb, instead it combines with the verb to form a new meaning—a verbal idiom (phrasal verb).
The particle does not "belong" to the verb, rather it combines with the verb to from an expression. Both lose their original meanings. |
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Tests: Can the preposition be followed by an object? Does the preposition make sense when grouped with the object?
Does the sentence keep its meaning if you strand (separate by rewording) the preposition from the verb?
|
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TRANSITIVE VERBAL IDIOM | OBJ OF VERBAL IDIOM | |
SUBJ + PREDICATE | PARTICLE | NOUN PHRASE |
Olivia laughs It is the school that she laughs at. |
at
|
the school. (ridicules) |
Olivia came It was the answer that she came across. |
across |
the answer. (found randomly) |
Olivia ran It was her friends that she ran into. |
into |
the classroom. (met by chance) |
INTRANSITIVE VERBAL IDIOM | ||
Olivia gave It was she who gave in. |
in.
|
—— (surrender) |
¹particle (N) – is an intransitive preposition that is positioned before the complement of the verb. He put out the fire. See Is it a preposition or a particle?
a grammaticized preposition is one in which the verb selects a particular preposition as its complement; He put down his pencil; *He put his pencil down the table. OK: He put the spoiled milk down the drain. (Huddleston "Grammaticized Prepositions" 7 §6.2) (Huddleston "Grammaticized Prepositions" 7 §6)
laugh at (make fun of, ridicule), come across (find by chance), run into (meet by chance), give in (surrender, concede), look up (search in a reference book), take off (remove clothing), give away (offer as a gift), take up (begin a hobby or instrument)
transitive — the verb requires a complement (object) → He told a joke.
intransitive — the verb does not require a complement (object) → He laughed.
Some prepositions include the object with the preposition (e.g., outside, downward, upstairs, downhill, onward).
INSEPARABLE | ||
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Some verb + preposition expressions are a unit—which does not break apart when stranded at the end of a clause. The verbal idiom may be transitive (She laughs at school.) or intransitive (She gave in.) Also see Verbal Idioms. |
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TRANSITIVE VERB | PARTICLE | DIRECT OBJECT |
Olivia laughs
|
at |
school. |
Olivia came
|
across |
the solution. |
Olivia runs
|
into |
her friends. |
Olivia gave
|
in. (intransitive) |
—— |
SEPARABLE | ||
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Other verb + preposition expressions are breakable—the verb may be followed by a [direct object + prep] or [prep + direct object]. |
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TRANSITIVE VERB | PARTICLE | DIRECT OBJECT |
Olivia looked
|
up the word (DO) |
the word. up. (Particle) |
Olivia took
|
off her coat (DO) |
her coat. off. (Particle) |
Olivia gave
|
away her car (DO) |
her car. away. (Particle) |
Olivia took
|
up the piano (DO) |
the piano. up. (Particle) |
In traditional grammar, through, in, over, below, out, and so on, (He went out.) are described as adverbs for place. Current linguistic analysis, analyzes these as prepositions that optionally take an object. (Prepositional complements are no longer limited to an object noun) .See Prepositional Complements.
Also see Verb + Preposition–Separable vs. Inseparable.
(Swan 599-600)
VERB + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE |
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Some verbs require one prepositional phrase as a complement. Others optionally take more than one phrase, each of which adds information about the players in the action ("semantic roles") → who (agent) what (patient) to whom (recipient) for whom (beneficiary) where (path, source, goal and location). |
VERB + PP |
*Olivia appealed… (agent- who?) Olivia appealed to the committee. (recipient – to whom?) Olivia appealed for support. (patient – what?) |
The committee agrees. (agent) The committee agrees with Olivia. (recipient) The committee agrees on the matter. (patient) |
*Olivia applied. (agent, action requires info.) Olivia applied to Google. (recipient) Olivia applied for a job. (patient) |
*Olivia blamed. (agent, action requires a recipient) Olivia blamed them. Olivia blamed it on them. (recipient) Oliva blamed them for the error. (patient) |
VERB + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES |
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The following verbs take a second prepositional phrase. Either prepositional phrase could be the sole (only) complement. The ordering of the phrases is usually fixed (cannot be changed). The prepositions are required (cannot be omitted) as they relate the content of the phrase to the verb. |
VERB + PP + PP |
Olivia appealed to the committee for support. *Olivia appealed for support to the committee. (order not used) *Olivia appealed the committee support. (preps needed) |
The committee agrees with Olivia about/on the matter. *The committee agrees on the matter with Olivia. (order not used) *The committee agrees Olivia the matter. (preps needed) |
Olivia applied to Google for a job. *Olivia applied for a job to Google. (order not used) *Olivia applied Google a job. (preps needed) |
Olivia laid blame on them. ("lay blame") Olivia laid blame on them for the accident. Olivia laid blame for the accident on them. |
*incomplete sentence
Other verbs with a second prepositional phrase option: argue with…about, arrange with…for, boast to…about, complain to…about look to…for, pay for…with.
appeal (V) — an earnest request for aid, support, sympathy, mercy; entreaty; petition; plea.
lay blame (Verbal phrase) — name someone as the responsible person for an error or problem
Semantic Roles: Who does what to whom and for whom?
(Aarts 4.1.3.1-2) (Huddleston 4 §1.2)
A |
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abide by — He will abide by the court's decision . ("act or do as promised") |
account for — It's hard to account for his actions. (idiom "explain") |
accuse (NP) of — They accused him of cheating. |
accustom to — He will accustom himself to the cold weather. |
acquaint (NP) with — You can acquaint yourself with your new teammates. |
addicted to — He was addicted to video games. |
address (NP) to — He addressed a letter to her. (Ind. Obj.) |
agree with — We agree with you. |
allow for — The rules allow for exceptional situations . (idiom "give what is needed") |
answer to (NP) for — You will have to answer to me if you try to do that. / He had to answer to the authorities for his actions. ("respond to a person, explain, justify") |
argue for — They argued for changes in the medical system. (present reasons for or against) |
argue with…about — He argues with his co-workers about small things. |
apologize for — Jason apologized for the error. |
apply for — She applied for a job. |
approve of — They approve of your choice of colors. |
arrange for — She arranged for a meeting. (made preparations) |
arrive in / at — He arrived in Berlin. (city destination) / She arrived at school on time. / She arrived in the morning. He arrived at 9 PM. |
ask about — He asked about our new project. |
ask for — She asked for some help. ("request") |
assure (NP) of — He was assured of a job. |
attach (NP) to — He attached a note to the box. / He was attached to the group. (Ind. Obj.)
|
B |
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bank on — You can bank on him to charge you a reasonable amount. ("depend on") |
bar from — They barred them from entering. ("blocked") |
be at — Please be at my house at 9:00 a.m. ("arrive") |
beg for — They begged for mercy. (idiom "ask to give") |
believe in — He believes in democracy. ("think that something is effective or right") He believes in God. (be sure that someone exists) |
blame (someone) for (something) — They blamed her for the accident. |
bless (NP) with — God blessed us with six children. |
bore (NP) with — He bored us with a long story. |
break into — Robbers broke into the store. / He wanted to break into show business . (get a start in) |
bring about — He will bring about changes. ("cause to happen") |
C |
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call for — He will call for you at noon. ("pick you up") / This calls for a celebration. (demands or deserves) |
care about — Do you care about its success? |
complain about — He never complains about his health. |
care about — He really cares about what will happen? ("consider important" "worry about") |
care for — She doesn't care for cheese. ("like") / She cares for him. ("has feelings") |
count for — His experience counts for nothing? (idiom "have worth") |
confide in — She confides in me. ("entrusts with secrets") |
count on — You can count on me. (depend) |
come across — He came across as excessively confident. (idiom "gave the impression of being") /They came across a new idea. ("encounter, find by chance") |
come between — He came between me and my ex-girlfriend. (causes a separation or estrangement) |
come by — How did you come by that antique chair? (obtain) |
come into — He came into a lot of money when his father died. (inherit) |
come under — This department comes under the Science Division. (is categorized as, is under the responsibility of) |
come off — The meeting came off well. (resulted) |
complain of — He complains of headaches. |
compose of — The meat is composed of beef and lamb. |
consist of — The soup consists of broth, rice and chicken. |
convince of — They convinced of the need for change. |
confine (NP) to — They confined him to [his room / sitting in his room]. |
connect to — A candidate must connect to his audiences. (IO) |
consent to — He consented to [a flu shot / getting a flu shot]. |
contribute to — They contributed to the school fund. (IO) |
charge (NP) with — They charged him with manslaughter. |
compare (NP) with / to — You can compare this apple with that apple. |
contaminate (NP) with — He contaminated the food with bacteria. |
compete with — One team competes with another. |
concern (NP) with — He concerns himself with every detail of the business. |
count on — You can count on me. (idiom "depend") |
cover (NP) with — We covered the food with a cloth. |
coordinate (NP) with — The mayor coordinated operations with the police department.
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D |
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deal in — He deals in drugs and weapons. ("does business") |
deal with — This new bill deals with human rights. ("concerns", "handles" "manages") |
decide on — He will decide on an ice cream flavor. |
dedicate to — He dedicated the song to his sweetheart. |
depend on — You can depend on me. (rely) |
deprive (NP) of — The authorities deprived him of his rights. |
devote to — He is devoted his children. |
die from — He died from cancer. |
differ from — His ideas differ from hers. |
dispense with — Let's dispense with formality. (go without) |
dispose of — He disposed of his unwanted furniture at a thrift store. |
distinguish from — He wants to distinguish himself from other competitors. |
divorce from — He will divorce his interests from hers. / They are divorced from each other.. |
dream about — He dreams about being a rock star. |
dream of — He dreams of better days ahead. |
draw (NP) into — The crooks drew him into their scam. (idiom "induced" "cleverly lead in") |
draw on — His story draws on personal experience. (uses as a source) |
E |
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entitle (NP) to — He was entitled to half the estate. |
equip (NP) with — Our coach equipped our team with new uniforms, balls and nets. |
escape from — The man escaped from his captors. |
excel at / in — She excels at / in programming. |
excuse (NP) for — Jason excused himself for the error. |
explain (NP) to — The teacher explained the answer to me. |
expose to — The employee exposed the problem to the public.
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F |
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faithful to — A couple should remain faithful to each other. |
fall for — He fell for the telephone scam. ("deceived by") |
feed (NP) on — He feeds his dogs on kibble and meat. ("gives a daily diet of") |
feel for — I feel for you. ("sympathize") |
fight for — He fights for his principles. |
fill (NP) with — He filled the bottle with fresh water. |
forget about — He forgot about his morning appointment. |
forgive (NP) for — He forgave me for my lie. |
frown at — The angry boy frowned at me. |
furnish (NP) with — They furnished the room with tables and chairs. / They will furnish you with what you need. ("supply") |
fuss about — She fussed about what to wear.
|
G |
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get about — How does he get about town? (idiom "travel" or "move") |
get around — How do you get around the rules? ("circumvent" "outwit") |
get at — What is he getting at? ("imply") |
get over — He got over his loss slowly ("recover") |
get through — We got through the tunnel in time. (literal meaning) / He hopes to get through the difficult day. (idiom "bear, endure, survive") |
get to — We can get to the beach by that road. / We want to get to the beach by noon. (to come to or arrive at in some course of progress, action) |
glance over — We glanced over the fence. (literal meaning) / We glanced over the topic. (idiom "look briefly") |
go off— Our electricity went of. ("stopped working") / A bomb went off in the center of the city. ("exploded") |
go on about — He goes on about his marvelous dog. (talks excessively) |
go from…to — He went from being rich to being poor. |
grow on — His character grows on you. (increases in effect or likability)
|
H |
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hear from — We haven't heard from them for a while. (idiom "receive news") |
help (NP) with — He helped us with our project. |
hide from — Bobby hid from his sister. |
hit on — He was hitting on the woman next to him in the bar. (flirt) / They his on a new method of developing the vaccine faster. (discover unexpectedly) |
hold (NP) against — Hold this cold pack against the swelling. (literal meaning) / Please don't hold this mistake against me. (idiom "think badly of someone because of some fault or occurrence.") |
hold with — He doesn't hold with all this talk about gun control. (support, approve of)
|
hope for — We hope for rain.
|
I |
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improve on — Can you improve on his work? |
introduce (NP) to — He introduced his brother to his friends. |
insist on — He insists on changes. |
interest (NP) in — He interested us in an investment in his business. |
involve in — He involves himself in other people's business.
|
J |
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jump on — He jumped on the trampoline. (literal) / He jumped on the bandwagon. (idiom "joined")
|
K |
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keep from — He chews gum to keep from smoking. (idiom "avoid") |
keep on — They keep on calling me. (idiom "continue") |
keep to — You must keep to the topic. ("stick with, stay the course")
|
L |
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laugh at — She laughs at my jokes. |
lay into — His boss lay into him for making the mistake. (criticize verbally) |
lean on — You can lean on me. (depend) |
learn from — We learn from our mistakes. |
lecture about — Professor Lee lectures about the importance of conservation. |
let (NP) into — The neighbors let him into their house. |
let (NP) off — The bus driver let the passenger off the bus. (literal meaning) / The judge let the driver off with only a $200 fine. (idiom "excuse form legal responsibility") |
let out — The lady let the cat out the door. (literal meaning) / The tailor let out the side seam. (idiom "enlarge a garment") / The wolf let out a howl. (idiom "vocalized") |
limit to — They limit customers to [one sale item / buying one sale item]. |
live for — He lives for adventure. ( "anticipate with eagerness") |
locate in — They will locate the building in the city center. |
look after — He looks after his elderly father. "takes care of" |
look at — She looked at them. |
look on — He looks on her as a friend. (idiom "regards")
|
M |
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make for — It is time to make for home. ("head") / The makes for an awkward situation. (cause a situation) |
make from — The chair is made from wood. |
make of — The cloth is made of cotton and rayon. |
married to — She was married to him two years ago. (Ind. Obj.) |
mess with — Don't mess with me. ("bother" "cause trouble for")
|
N |
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nibble on — She nibbled on a strawberry. ("ate little bits at a time")
|
O |
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obsess with — He is obsessed with video games. |
opposed to — He is opposed to [any changes | making any changes]. |
orbit around — Earth orbits around the sun.
|
P |
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pause at — He paused at the end of the sentence. |
part with — He hates to part with his hard earned money. (lose, have taken away) |
participate in — They are participating in the conference. |
pay for — He paid for his purchase with a card. |
persuade (NP) of — They persuaded the judge of the prisoner's innocence. |
pick on — She picks on her younger brother. (criticize, tease, bother) |
please (NP) with — She pleased the child with candy. / He was pleased with himself. |
polite to — Children must be polite to their teachers. |
pore over — The investigator pored over the clues to find an answer. ("look at carefully for an extended time") |
prepare for — We must prepare for the storm. |
prevent from — His illness prevents him from working. |
provide for — He provides for his family. (idiom "gives what is needed") |
provide (NP) with — They will provide you with whatever you need. |
prohibit from — The state prohibits him from driving. |
protect (NP) from — The parents will protect her from harm.
|
Q |
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qualify for — His scores qualify him for entry into the university.
|
R |
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read (NP) into — People may read evil into your statement. |
recommend (NP) for — They recommended him for the job. |
refrain from — Please refrain from smoking here. (not do or say) |
rejoice at — They rejoiced at the good news. |
rely on — You can rely on me. (depend) |
remember for — We remember him for his humor. |
rescue from — Superman rescued the woman from the bomb. |
respond to — How did he respond to the charges? |
result in — His behavior results in problems. ("ends in" or "causes") |
run for — Mrs. Clinton ran for President twice. "participate as a candidate in an election" |
run into — We ran into some problems while building the bridge. (meet unexpectedly) |
rob (NP) of — The thieves robbed him of his wallet.
|
S |
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satisfy with / satisfy (NP) with — He is satisfied with his pay. / You can satisfy him with a raise in pay. |
see about — He will see about getting a new passport. (inquire) |
see (NP) through — You can see through the glass. (literal) / His family saw him through the crisis. (idiom "helped") |
see to — He will see to your needs. (arrange, supply, get) |
separate from — She separated from her husband. ("moved into separate homes") |
shoot at — He shot at a wolf ("in that direction") |
shout at — She shouted at me. |
smile at — The happy boy smiled at me. |
spend (NP) on — He spent his money on a car. |
stand by — Please stand by while we fix the problem. ("wait") / The company stands by its products. ("supports, defends the quality") |
stand for — I won't stand for this nonsense. (idiom "tolerate", "put up with") / VIP stands for 'very important person. |
stand up for — He stood up for us. (idiom "supported us") |
stand up to — You must stand up to forces of evil. ("withstand, not bend") |
stare at — She stared at the price tag. |
stem from — All these problems stem from one poor decision. ("originate, be caused by") |
stick to — Stick to your ideals. Stick to the rules. (stay to something; continue with something; follow exactly) |
stick with — Stick with your friends. (stay close; continue to do something; persevere") |
stop at — He stopped at the corner. / He stopped at the end. / He will stop at nothing. (idiom) |
stop from — He couldn't stop from smoking. |
subject (NP) to — The media subjected him to an invasion of his privacy. |
substitute for — She substitutes olive oil for butter. |
succeed in — He is succeeding in his business goals. |
suffer from — He suffers from Alzheimer's disease. |
supply (NP) with — The Red Cross supplied us with food and shelter. |
suspect (NP) of — The police suspect him of murder. |
swarm with — The garden is swarming with bees.
|
T |
---|
take after — He takes after his father. ("act or look like") |
talk about — She talks about her family a lot. |
talk at — He talked at me. (idiom "didn't let me talk") |
talk (NP) into— He talked her into selling her car. ("convince") |
talk of — There is talk of closing the factory. |
take care of — He takes care of his family. |
take in — He took in a refugee family. ("care for, host, adopt") / She took in the seams of the dress. ("sew and make smaller") / The murder scene was a lot for him to take in. ("make sense of, understand emotionally") |
tamper with — Someone tampered with the contents of the medicine bottles. ("make unapproved changes , make unsafe by changing") / Someone tampered with the lock on the door. ("alter, damage") |
tell on — She told on her friends. ("reveal wrong-doing") / The stress was telling on his health. ("produce a severe effect") |
testify to — I can testify to what you have just said. ("support with fact" "give evidence") |
thank for — He thanked you for your help. |
think about — Let me think about this for a while. (consider) |
think of — I can't think of it at the moment. (recall) / What do you think of him? (regard) |
tire of — They are tiring of his empty promises. |
treat (NP) to — They treated the children to ice cream. [IO] |
trust (NP) with — I trust you with my life. ("have confidence in" |
try for — He tried for a promotion. (idiom "applied", "interview" or "auditioned")
|
U |
---|
(be) used to — He was used to [home / living at home]. (Used vs. Be used to.) |
V |
---|
vote for — He voted for Obama for President.
|
W |
---|
wade through — He waded through his tax preparation. ("persevered") |
wage war on — The northern people waged war on the southern people. |
warn (NP) of / about — The police warned us about him. |
wait for — Please wait for me. |
wait on — The man in the restaurant who waited on us was very friendly. ("served") |
wave at — He waved at us. |
wink at — He winked at her and she smiled back. |
worry about — He worries about upsetting his father.
|
Z |
---|
zero in on — We need to zero in on the problem. ("find and locate") |
INF – Subordinator to a nonfinite clause "to". Infinitive "to" (He wanted to leave. He left early to get there on time.)
PP – Indirect object expressed with "to". recipient—the person (or entity) that is the receiver or endpoint of the action. (He sang her a song. He sang a song to her. )
PP – Comparative expressed with "to". Would Prefer X to Y. ( prefer this one to that one.)
ABOUT | |
---|---|
The meanings of about include: concerning, in regards to, connected to, somewhere near by, close to, or on all sides. |
|
argue about — Please don't argue about that. |
get about — How does he get about town? (idiom "travel" or "move") |
bring about — He will bring about changes. ("cause to happen") |
go on about — He goes on about his problems. ("talks excessively) |
care about — He really cares about what will happen? ("consider important" "worry about") |
grumble about — He was grumbling about his job. ("murmur discontent") |
care about — He really cares about what will happen? ("consider important" "worry about") |
lecture about — Professor Lee lectures about the importance of conservation. |
complain about — He never complains about his health. |
see about — He will see about getting a new passport. (inquire) |
dream about — He dreams about being a rock star. |
talk about — She talks about her family a lot. |
forget about — He forgot about his morning appointment. |
think about — Let me think about this for a while. (consider) |
fuss about — She fussed about what to wear. |
worry about — He worries about upsetting his father. |
AT | |
---|---|
The meanings of at include: location, timing, movement in a direction, somewhere near by, close to, or on all sides. |
|
arrive at — She has arrived at her destination. |
shoot at — He shot at a wolf ("in that direction") |
be at — Please be at my house at 9:00 a.m. ("arrive") |
shout at — She shouted at me. |
excel at — She excels at tennis. (in) |
smile at — The happy boy smiled at me. |
frown at — The angry boy frowned at me. |
stare at — She stared at the price tag. |
get at — What is he getting at? ("implying") |
stop at — He stopped at the corner. / He stopped at the end. / He will stop at nothing. (idiom) |
laugh at — She laughs at my jokes. |
talk at — He talked at me. (idiom "didn't let me talk") |
look at — She looked at them. |
wave at — He waved at us. |
pause at — He paused at the end of the sentence. |
wink at — He winked at her and she smiled back. |
rejoice at — They rejoiced at the good news. |
FOR | |
---|---|
The meanings of for include: concerning, in regards to, connected to, somewhere near by, close to, or on all sides. |
|
account for — It's hard to account for his actions. (idiom "explain") |
live for — He lives for adventure. ( "anticipate with eagerness") |
allow for — The rules don't allow for exceptional situations . (idiom "give what is needed") |
look for — He was looking for a solution. "search" |
apologize for — Jason apologized for the error. |
make for — It is time to make for home. ("head") / The makes for an awkward situation. (cause a situation) |
apply for — She applied for a job. |
pay for — He paid for his purchase with a card. |
arrange for — She arranged for a meeting. (made preparations) |
prepare for — We must prepare for the storm. |
argue for — They argued for changes in the medical system. (present reasons for or against) |
provide for — He provides for his family. (idiom "gives what is needed") |
ask for — She asked for some help. ("request") |
qualify for — His scores qualify him for entry into the university. |
beg for — They begged for mercy. (idiom "ask to give") |
recommend(NP) for — They recommended him for the job. |
blame for — They blamed her for the accident. |
remember for — We remember him for his humor. |
call for — He will call for you at noon. ("pick you up") / This calls for a celebration. (demands or deserves) |
run for — Mrs. Clinton ran for President twice. "participate as a candidate in an election" |
care for — She doesn't care for cheese. ("like") / She cares for him. ("has feelings") |
stand for — I won't stand for this nonsense. (idiom "tolerate", "put up with") |
count for — His experience counts for nothing? (idiom "have worth") |
stand up for — He stood up for us. (idiom "supported us") |
exchange for — She exchanged her card for a new one. |
substitute for — She substitutes olive oil for butter. |
excuse for — Jason apologized for the error. |
thank for — He thanked you for your help. |
feel for — I feel for you. ("sympathize") |
try for — He tried for a promotion. (idiom "applied", "interview" or "auditioned") |
fight for — He fights for his principles. |
vote for — He voted for Obama for President. |
forgive for — He forgave me for my lie. |
wait for — Please wait for me. / Please wait up for me. (informal) |
hope for — We hope for rain. |
yearn for — He yearns for a quiet weekend. ("thinks about longingly, desires") |
FROM | |
---|---|
The meanings of from include: source location, contrast, expressing range (with to) and cause. |
|
bar from — They barred them from entering. ("blocked") |
make from — The chair is made from wood. |
die from — He died from cancer. |
prevent from — His illness prevents him from working. |
differ from — His ideas differ from hers. |
prohibit from — The state prohibits him from driving. |
distinguish from — He wants to distinguish himself from other competitors. |
protect (NP) from — The parents will protect her from harm. |
divorce from — He will divorce his interests from hers. / They are divorced from each other.. |
refrain from — Please refrain from smoking here. (not do or say) |
escape from — The man escaped from his captors. |
rescue from — Superman rescued the woman from the bomb. |
go from — He went from being rich to being poor. |
save from — The firemen saved a man from a burning building. |
hear from — We haven't heard from them for a while. (idiom "receive news") |
separate from — She separated from her husband. ("moved into separate homes") |
hide from — Bobby hid from his sister. |
stem from — All these problems stem from one poor decision. ("originate, be caused by") |
keep from — He chews gum to keep from smoking. (idiom "avoid") |
stop from — He couldn't stop from smoking. |
learn from — We learn from our mistakes. |
suffer from — He suffers from Alzheimer's disease. |
IN / INTO | |
---|---|
The approximate meanings of in are: location, time period, expected time required, |
|
arrive in — He arrived in Berlin. (city destination) |
let (NP) into — The neighbors let him into their house. |
believe in — He believes in democracy. ("think that something is effective or right") He believes in God. (be sure that someone exists) |
locate in — They will locate the building in the city center. |
come into — He came into a lot of money when his father died. (inherit) |
participate in — They are participating in the conference. |
confide in — She confides in me. ("entrusts with secrets") |
read (NP) into — People may read evil into your statement. |
deal in — He deals in drugs and weapons. ("does business") |
result in — His behavior results in problems. ("ends in" or "causes") |
draw (NP) into — The crooks drew him into their scam. (idiom "induced" "cleverly lead in") |
run into — We ran into some problems while building the bridge. (meet unexpectedly) |
excel in — She excels in programming. (at) |
succeed in — He is succeeding in his business goals. |
interest (NP) in — He interested us in an investment in his business. |
take in — He took in a refugee family. ("care for, host, adopt") / She took in the seams of the dress. ("sew and make smaller") / The murder scene was a lot for him to take in. ("make sense of, understand emotionally") |
involve in — He involves himself in other people's business. |
talk (NP) into— He talked her into selling her car. ("convince") |
lay into — His boss lay into him for making the mistake. (criticize verbally) |
zero in on — We need to zero in on the problem. ("find and locate") |
ON / ONTO | |
---|---|
The approximate meanings of on are: location, time, actions or states, |
|
bank on — You can bank on him to charge you a reasonable amount. ("depend on") |
improve on — The car maker will improve on the battery powered engines. |
blame (something) on — She blamed the accident on the faulty brakes / the mechanic. |
keep on — They keep on calling me. (idiom "continue") |
count on — You can count on me. (idiom "depend") |
lean on — You can lean on me. (depend) |
decide on — He will decide on an ice cream flavor. |
look on — He looks on her as a friend. (idiom "regards") |
depend on — You can depend on me. (rely) |
rely on — You can rely on me. (depend) |
draw on — His story draws on personal experience. (uses as a source) |
pick on — She picks on her younger brother. (criticize, tease, bother) |
feed (NP) on — He feeds his dogs on kibble and meat. ("gives a daily diet of") |
spend (NP) on — He spent his money on a car. |
go on — He goes on and on about his marvelous dog. ("talks endlessly") |
tell on — She told on her friends. ("reveal wrong-doing") / The stress was telling on his health. ("produce a severe effect") |
hit on — He was hitting on the woman next to him in the bar. (flirt) / They hit on a new method of developing the vaccine. (discover unexpectedly) |
wage war on — The northern people waged war on the southern people. |
improve on — Can you improve on his work? |
wait on — The man in the restaurant who waited on us was very friendly. ("served") |
insist on — He insists on changes. |
zero in on — He walked into the kitchen and zeroed in on the cheese snacks. (find the exact location) |
OF | |
---|---|
The meanings of of include: source, origin, belonging, part of a set, and more. |
|
accuse (NP) of — They accused him of cheating. |
[be] made of — The cloth is made of cotton and rayon. |
approve of — They approve of your choice of colors. |
persuade (NP) of — They persuaded the judge of the prisoner's innocence. |
assure (NP) of — He was assured of a job. |
rob (NP) of — The thieves robbed him of his wallet. |
complain of — He complains of headaches. |
suspect (NP) of — The police suspect him of murder. |
compose of — The meat is composed of beef and lamb. |
take care of — He takes care of his family. |
consist of — The soup consists of broth, rice and chicken. |
talk of — There is talk of closing the factory. |
convince of — They convinced of the need for change. |
think of — I can't think of it at the moment. (recall) / What do you think of him? (regard) |
deprive (NP) of — The authorities deprived him of his rights. |
tire of — They are tiring of his empty promises. |
dispose of — He disposed of his unwanted furniture at a thrift store. |
warn (NP) of / about — The police warned us about him. |
dream of — He dreams of better days ahead. |
|
TO | |
---|---|
The meanings for to include: directional movement (PP), recipient (PP–indirect object) and others. See note at the end of this section. |
|
accustom to — He will accustom himself to [the cold weather/ being in cold weather]. |
introduce (NP) to — He introduced his brother to his friends. |
addicted to — He was addicted to [video games/playing video games.] |
limit to — They limit customers to [one sale item / buying one sale item]. |
address (NP) to — He addressed a letter to her. [IO] |
keep to — You must keep to the topic. ("stick with, stay the course") |
answer to (NP) for — You will have to answer to me if you try to do that. / He had to answer to the authorities for his actions. ("respond, explain, justify") |
married to — She was married to him two years ago. [IO] |
attach (NP) to — He attached a note to the box. / He was attached to the group. [IO] |
opposed to — He is opposed to [any changes / making any changes]. |
commit to — He will commit to a fair deal. |
polite to — Children must be polite to their teachers. |
confine (NP) to — They confined him to [his room / sitting in his room]. |
refer to / refer (NP) to — We referred to her book. / We referred her to your book. [IO] |
connect to — A candidate must connect to his voters. [IO] |
relate to — He is related to our family. |
contribute to — They contributed to the school fund. [IO] |
relate to — I can relate to [your problems / having problems]. "understand" |
dedicate to — He dedicated the song to his sweetheart. [IO] |
relevant to — This topic is relevant to our discussion. |
devote to — He is devoted his children. [IO] |
respond to — How did he respond to [the charges / hearing the charges]? |
entitle (NP) to — He was entitled to [half the estate / receiving half the estate]. |
see to — He will see to your needs. (idiom–arrange, supply, get) |
explain (NP) to — The teacher explained the answer to me. |
stick to — Stick to your ideals. ("follow, do not waiver") |
expose to — The employee exposed the problem to the public. |
subject (NP) to — The media subjected him to an invasion of his privacy. |
faithful to — A couple should remain faithful to each other. |
testify to — I can testify to what you have just said. ("support with fact" "give evidence") |
grateful to — He was grateful to his mentor. |
treat (NP) to — They treated the children to ice cream. |
incite (NP) to — The group incited the students to riot. |
used to — He used to live here. (See Use to.) |
WITH | |
---|---|
The meanings of with include: accompanying, coordination, having certain properties (characteristics). |
|
acquaint (NP) with — You can acquaint yourself with your new teammates. |
equip (NP) with — Our coach equipped our team with new uniforms, balls and nets. |
agree with — We agree with you. |
fill (NP) with — He filled the bottle with fresh water. |
argue with…about — He argues with his co-workers about small things. |
furnish (NP) with — They furnished the room with tables and chairs. / They will furnish you with what you need. ("supply") |
bless (NP) with — God blessed us with six children. |
help (NP) with — He helped us with our project. |
bore (NP) with — He bored us with a long story. |
mess with — Don't mess with me. ("bother" "cause trouble for") |
charge (NP) with — They charged him with manslaughter. |
obsess with — He is obsessed with video games. |
compare (NP) with / to — You can compare this apple with that apple. |
please (NP) with — She pleased the child with candy. / He was pleased with himself. |
contaminate (NP) with — He contaminated the food with bacteria. |
provide (NP) with — They will provide you with whatever you need. |
compete with — One team competes with another. |
satisfy with / satisfy (NP) with — He is satisfied with his pay. / You can satisfy him with a raise in pay. |
concern (NP) with — He concerns himself with every detail of the business. |
stick with — Stick with your friends. ("stay close, support") |
cover (NP) with — We covered the food with a cloth. |
supply (NP) with — The Red Cross supplied us with food and shelter. |
coordinate (NP) with — The mayor coordinated operations with the police department. |
swarm with — The garden is swarming with bees. |
deal with — This new bill deals with human rights. ("concerns", "handles" "manages") |
tamper with — Someone tampered with the contents of the medicine bottles. ("make unapproved changes , make unsafe by changing") / Someone tampered with the lock on the door. ("alter, damage") |
dispense with — Let's dispense with formality. ("forgo, go without") |
trust (NP) with — I trust you with my life. ("have confidence in" |
OTHERS | |
---|---|
Compare the literal meaning (word for word) to the idiom meaning in the following words. |
|
abide by — He will abide by the court's decision . ("act or do as promised") |
let (NP) off — The judge let the driver off with only a $200 fine. (idiom "excuse form legal responsibility") |
come across — He came across as excessively confident. (idiom "gave the impression of being"); They came across a new idea. ("encounter, find by chance") |
hold with — He doesn't hold with all this talk about gun control. (support, approve of) |
hold (NP) against — Please don't hold this mistake against me. (idiom "think badly of someone because of some fault or occurrence.") |
look after — He looks after his elderly father. "takes care of" |
come between — He came between me and my ex-girlfriend. (causes a separation or estrangement) |
part with — He hates to part with his hard earned money. (lose, have taken away) |
come by — How did you come by that antique chair? (obtain) |
pore over — The investigator pored over the clues to find an answer. ("look at carefully for an extended time") |
come under — This department comes under the Science Division. (is under the responsibility or classification of ) |
see (NP) through — You can see through the glass. (literal) / His family saw him through the crisis. (idiom "helped") |
get around — How do you get around the rules? ("circumvent" "outwit") |
stand by — Please stand by while we fix the problem. ("wait") / The company stands by its products. ("supports, defends the quality") |
get over — He got over his loss slowly ("recover") |
stand up to — You must stand up to forces of evil. ("withstand, not bend") |
glance over — We glanced over the fence. (literal meaning) / We glanced over the topic. (idiom "look briefly") |
take after — He takes after his father. ("act or look like") |
get through — We got through the tunnel in time. (literal meaning) / He hopes to get through the difficult day. (idiom "bear, endure, survive") |
wade through — He waded through his tax preparation. ("persevere") |
go off— Our electricity went of. ("stopped working") / A bomb went off in the center of the city. ("exploded") |
PP –directional movement; goal "to".
PP – Indirect object [IO] expressed with "to". recipient—the person (or entity) that is the receiver or endpoint of the action. (He sang her a song. He sang a song to her. )
PP – Comparative expressed with "to". Would Prefer X to Y. ( prefer this one to that one.)
Spec. PP – Verb + Specified Prep – (idiom) the verb selects "to" as its complement. (I look forward to [the arrangements / making the arrangements].)
Particle – has no meaning but combines with the verb for form a single meaning. (I will see to [the arrangements / making the arrangments].)
(INF – Subordinator to a nonfinite clause "to". Infinitive "to" [He wanted to leave. He left early to get there on time.])
Olivia is a dynamic person with leadership qualities. Olivia is the oldest of six children, all of whom count ___ her for guidance. And there is so much they can learn ___ her. It is hard to account ___ her energy, which seems endless. Olivia participates ___ so many activities.
Olivia has run ___ President of her high school class three times and has won. Her classmates support her because she cares ___ them. She fights ___ what is right. Olivia believes ___ equality for everyone. For example, the girls in her school complained ___ the lack of funds for their sports activities. She succeeded ___ convincing the faculty to form a women's basketball team on campus. Olivia also arrange ___ a meeting with the school board to petition them to add Dance as an official physical education class.
Besides that, Olivia argued ___ the school administrators ___ better Internet access for a number of students who had no Internet connection at home. She asked ___ 24/7 access to WiFi on campus.
The school district could not afford to pay ___ a nighttime librarian, but they could help in another way. Olivia talked the school administrators ___ leaving both the WiFi and the lights on outside of the library at night. This compromise provided students ___ Internet access and a well-lighted place to study on the library steps. The simple solution cost nothing and resulted ___ better Internet access for all the students.
It is hard to explain her success ___ anyone. She is devoted ___ her causes. She wades ___ problems and finds cost-effective solutions.
Olivia's teachers will recommend her ___ any university that she wants to attend. She is assured ___ a place in the college or university of her choice. A scholarship will furnish her ___ most of her needs. She will deal ___ unexpected costs by working and saving up money over the summer. Olivia's Her high school classmates and teachers know that she will go ___ and have a bright future.
"College Student" by CollegeDegrees360 is licensed under CC BY 2.0.
24/7 access (expression) — that something be available all day, every day
afford (V) — to meet the cost or expense of something
cause (N) — an effort, reason for action
compromise (N, V) — a settlement that reasonably satisfies both sides of the argument
cost-effective (Adj) — having the quality of making good use of money, money-saving
dynamic (Adj) — having energy, vigorous, active
faculty (N) — teachers in a particular school (a collective noun)
funds (N) — a supply of money set aside or available for spending
insufficient (Adj) — not having something or not having enough
librarian (N) — person who manages the school's library and study areas, which may include Internet access and computers
official (Adj) — approved by authorities
petition (V) — to formally request something by presenting a document with the names of several people who also support or are in favor of the request.