Grammar-Quizzes › More Practices › Writing Aids › Punctuation › Periods
Periods
Mark sentence ends, abbreviations and decimals
Sentence Divisions
| PERIOD |
|---|
| 1A. ENDING AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE |
Jack is tired. He's going home.
|
| 1B. ELLIPSIS |
Malcolm said, "All of us seem to make up our minds…in an instant." (indicates omitted words: with 3 points) |
| 1C. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS |
The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. U of Chicago P, 2003. |
| NO PERIOD |
|---|
Jack is tired; he's going home. A semicolon may be used between closely related sentences. |
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(1A) Also see Run-on Sent and Bulleted lists. (MLA 3.2.11) (APA 4.02) (Chicago Manual 6.13) (AP 330)
(1B) See Ellipsis.
(1C) See Citations.
Periods
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
| PERIOD |
|---|
| 2A.DATE AND TIME |
Jan. Feb. Mar. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. a.m. or AM / p.m. or PM (CMOS 15.42–4) (APA 7.1) |
| 2B PROPER NOUNS, TITLES |
Mr. , Mrs. Dr. Mc Cain is out today. doctor E. E. White is a famous author. Robert Downey Jr. (or ,Jr.,) is starring in the movie. / Sr. (senior) |
| 2C COUNTRIES AND LOCATIONS |
U.S. Traditionally appears with periods, but may be omitted, especially in scientific contexts. Ala., Ark., Ariz., Calif., Colo. , D.C., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill. (Chicago Manual 15.29) Ft. (fort) Meyers, Mt. (mount) Fuji, St. (Saint) Lawrence Bridge Ave., Blvd. St., 1200 E. Main St. (CMOS 15.35) |
| 1D. LATIN ABBREVIATIONS – I.E. & E.G. |
Cruciferous vegetables (e.g., cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli) have anti-cancer properties. See For example. Cruciferous vegetables (i.e., Brassicaceae) have flowers shaped like a cross. Cruciferous vegetables (cauliflower, cabbage, cress, etc.) have flowers shaped like a cross. The Broncos vs. (versus) the Cowboys will take place at the Dallas Sports Arena. |
| 2E ORGANIZATIONS, GROUPS, DEPARTMENTS |
|
| NO PERIOD |
|---|
| OTHER SYSTEMS |
Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr , May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec / Su M Tu W T h F Sa Abbreviations are used on calendars and in databases. AM PM The periods may be omitted with the capital letters. EST eastern standard time, PST Pacific standard time capital and in italics |
Miss Mary is here to see you. Also used for older women by shopkeepers.
|
US dollars UAE UK N, E, W, S directions The periods may be omitted with the capital abbreviation. AK (Alaska), CA |
|
The UN (United Nations) is located in New York. Periods are not used with acronyms, names formed by taking the first initial of each word. |
Style Manual Abbreviations: AP (Associated Press), APA (American Psychological Association), CMOS (Chicago Manual of Style), GREGG (Gregg Reference Manual); MLA (Modern Language Association)
Periods
Other
Other
| PERIOD |
|---|
| 3 NUMBERS |
His temperature is 98.6 decimal points The cost is $ 2,560.45 (cents) decimal points in currency 1.800.555.0000 modern method of writing telephone numbers |
| 3B WEB DOMAIN & FILE EXTENSIONS |
URL: www.domain_name.com domain name / extension Filename: businessdraft.doc / period.gif / period.html name / extension Email address: me@att.com service provider / extension |
| 3C MEASUREMENTS |
|
| 3D ONLINE MESSAGING |
A period is normally used to end a sentence in formal message writing. Yes. I hear you. (formal – end of sentence) A period in informal messaging expresses passive-aggressive emotion. yes. i hear you. (informal – enough!, angry, pissed) |
| NO PERIOD |
|---|
| FRACTIONS AND NUMBER SERIES |
98 and 6/10 1 (800) 555-0000 traditional method of writing telephone numbers |
|
| PERIODS OMITTED |
It measure 25 cm high, by 2 m wide It weights 60 kg and is made of wood. (cd, ft, hr, hk, lb, min, ml, sl) (APA 4.02)
|
| 3D MINIMALIST – NO PERIODS |
Text is simplified with phrases separated by spaces, ellipsis (…) or new message line (return/enter) Yes I hear you (caps and spaces separate thoughts) yes I hear you yes…i hear you |
(McCulloch 113, 136, 152)
Common Mistakes
Errors and Solutions
Error and Solution
| ERROR |
|---|
I am studying eng. so that I can speak and understand the language better. |
We'll meet here at 12:00 A.M. for lunch. |
| SOLUTION |
|---|
I am studying English so that I can speak and understand it better. (Eng.) |
We'll meet here at 12:00 p.m. / PM for lunch.
|
Works Cited
- The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Edited by Thomas Kent, et al., 51st ed., AP, 2016.
- Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language. By Gretchen McColloch, Riverhead Books, 2019.
- The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. U of Chicago P, 2003.
- The Gregg Reference Manual. Edited by William A. Sabin, 11th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.
- "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." Purdue OWL, Edited by Tony Russel et al., Purdue U, 15 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01.
- MLA Handbook. 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016.
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed., American Psychological Association, 2009.
Style Manual Abbreviations (used in this website) AP (Associated Press), APA (American Psychological Association), CMOS (Chicago Manual of Style), GREGG (Gregg Reference Manual), MLA (MLA Handbook)
Internet Usage
- McColloch, Gretchen. Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language. Riverhead Books, 2019.
Practice 1
Period Usage
Read the Context
The CYS (Children's Youth Symphony) will be holding a concert at 4 P.M. They will be performing and the Performing Arts Center at 675 S Silver Dr. Send your request for tickets to 6000 Main Street, San Jose, Ca. 90001.
Please indicate which seating area you are interested in (eg., Orchestra, Balcony, Grand Tier, Dress Circle, Orchestra Ring, or Box Seats).
The musical director , Mr. L .Frank Taylor Jr. , will be holding rehearsals this week. Please send your request before Sept, 21. Thank you.
The tickets range from $12.50 to 25 per person. The seats are 45 cm wide. Please let us know if you will need other seating. Please arrive on time all late arrivals will have to wait until intermission to enter. You can also contact us on our website http.www.cys.org.
Correct or Incorrect?
- Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
- Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check 1-10" button at the bottom, or click the check button to the left as you go.
Practice 2
Editing
Edit the sentences
- Edit the text in the box to correct othe use of periods.
- Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check" or "Check 11-16" button.