Grammar-Quizzes › Connectors › Coordinators › And / In addition
And / In addition (conjunction)
Join sentence elements and clauses
Anne is an actress who acts and sings. She has performed in TV commercials and on theater stages as well. In addition, she has appeared in two films. Anne is both talented and hard-working. For this reason, she is very good at what she does. Directors and co-stars enjoy working with her as well as spending time just talking with her.
In addition to acting and singing, Anne is a versatile dancer. She and her partner Alex have entered several contents and won. Not only do they perform modern, jazz and ballroom dancing but also hip-hop. Both Anne and Alex really love dancing; it shows in their performances. Besides being dance partners, they are partners in life. They have a daughter who is also studying dance.
Joining words and phrases vs. clauses
| AND — CONJUNCTION / COORDINATOR |
|---|
And, and also, and as well as join two sentence elements, such as two nouns, two verbs, two adjectives, two phrases or two clauses (two same word forms). When and connects two sentence elements, no comma is used. When three or more elements are joined, a comma is used. |
Anne is an actress. She acts and sings. (verbs) |
Anne loves dance and also music. (nouns) |
She will compete in ballroom and also modern dance. (adjectives) |
Anne has to dance gracefully and precisely in order to win. (adverbs) |
She must use correct dance technique as well as follow the rules. (verb phrases) |
The judges want her both to extend and to point her toes. (phrases) |
Anne is a woman who not only³ knows her strengths but also who will give her best effort. (clauses) |
| IN ADDITION — CONNECTIVE PREPOSITION / ADVERB |
|---|
In addition (prepositional phrase) and additionally (adverb) are connective words that add information in one clause to the information in the next clause. The word(s) are separated by a comma. Also¹ (a focusing adverb) can be placed before a clause or before other elements in the clause. |
Anne and Alex act and sing. In addition, they dance. (PP) |
Anne and Alex are very graceful dancers. Also¹, they have years of experience dancing together. |
Anne and Alex will learn samba and cha cha. Additionally, they will try the merengue. |
Anne has to dance gracefully. In addition, she must dance precisely. |
She must use correct dance technique. Also, she must follow the rules |
The judges want her to extend her arms. Additionally, they expect her to point her toes. |
Alex is a man who knows his strengths. And² he will give his best effort. |
¹Also is a focusing adverb that can function as a connective adverb at the beginning of a sentence. Its initial use is considered to be formal by some. Also, she dances jazz. She also dances jazz. She dances jazz also.
²And — What grammarians have to say about using "and" at the beginning of a sentence
"Conjunction" See And, But not, Or—conjunction, exclusion, disjunction.
extend (V) — stretch, draw out to full length
graceful (Adj) — having elegance or beauty of form
versatile (Adj) — easily able to change or adapt (styles)
³Not only…but (paired coordinators) See Both and.
Related pages: And so / too / also, FANBOYS Parallel Phrasing, Connective Adverbs, Comma–series, Overview of Connectives.
Word Categories: N – Noun; V – Verb; Aux – Auxiliary; Adj – Adjective; Adv – Adverb; P –Preposition; Det –Determiner. See Word Categories.
Phrasal Categories: NP – Noun Phrase; VP – Verb Phrase; AdjP – Adjective Phrase; AdvP – Adverb Phrase; PP – Prepositional Phrase; DP – Determinative Phrase.
Clausal Categories: Cls – clause; F – finite clause; NF – nonfinite clause: Ger – gerund; Inf – infinitive; PPart – past participle.
Word Functions: Subj – subject; Pred – predicate/predicator; Comp – complement: elements required by an expression to complete its meaning (DO – direct object; IO – indirect object); Adjunct – adjunct: elements not required by an expression to complete its meaning (Subord – subordinator; Coord – coordinator); Supl – supplement: a clause or phrase added onto a clause that is not closely related to the central thought or structure of the main clause.
Also vs. Furthermore
Adding a conclusive fact (conclusive conjunction)
Adding a Fact vs. a Conclusive Fact
| ADDING A FACT |
|---|
And, and also, as well as, in addition, additionally and also link a clause with additional information. For details, see and (coordinator), also (adverb) in addition (prep. phrase), additionally (connective adverb). |
Anne would like to play a dramatic role. Also, she thinks it would be fun to try comedy. (informal) |
Alex has acted on Broadway (theater) and television. In addition, he has acted in three movies. (very formal) |
Beside(s) having several dance competitions, Alex and Anne have family obligations. |
Alex and Anne have to focus on their practices as well as² their auditions. (on top of, along with) |
For now, Alex and Anne are taking it easy in addition to postponing future touring plans. |
| ADDING A CONCLUSIVE FACT |
|---|
Furthermore, moreover and besides link a clause with a final fact in order to make a point and/or to support an argument "and finally this fact". This is called a conclusive fact because it is placed at the end to convince the reader that your assertion, argument, or opinion is true. |
In my opinion, Anne would be excellent in that movie. She has done several dramatic roles and has lots of experience. Furthermore, she looks like the character in the book. (very formal) |
I think Alex is the best choice. He has acted on Broadway and on television; moreover, he has played supporting roles in three movies. (very formal) |
Alex and Anne won't be able to dance in the international competition in Rio de Janeiro. They are too busy. Besides¹, they can't get a visa in time. ("apart from the other reasons") |
Alex and Anne have to focus on their practices and auditions. They can't take time off to travel. Another thing is³, they have family obligations. (informal) |
For now, Alex and Anne are taking it easy. What's more, they are postponing future touring plans. (informal) |
¹Besides, — What is more, (informal)
²as well as — on top of (informal), along with (informal),
³Another thing is — (informal, but commonly used); See The reason is + Cls
audition (N) — to try out for a part, give a short performance to see if the person is good for the part
conclusive fact (Adj) — showing that something is definitely true
role (N) — acting part in a play, opera, or ballet
theater (N) – a live production performed on a stage;
movie theater (N) – cinema, a recorded showing in a theater (no stage)
See Semicolons, Connective Adverbs, In fact / Indeed
Besides -ing / Besides,
Add one more detail vs. an outstanding detail
Adding more details vs. a stand-alone detail
| ANOTHER DETAIL | |
|---|---|
An introductory prepositional phrase with besides, in addition to, along with expresses that we are mentioning, but setting aside, an important detail, in order to mention more details "not including this, there is also this". |
|
| PREP PHRASE | MAIN CLAUSE |
Besides being funny, "apart from this" |
he is also young and smart. (information) |
Along with enjoying what they do, |
they spend a lot of time together. (information) |
In addition to work, |
they plan time to relax. (information) |
Along with a promotion, |
They received several job offers.(information) |
| A STAND-ALONE OR WINNING DETAIL | |
|---|---|
Besides or in addition links a fact that can stand on its own as reason enough for winning an argument (an outstanding fact); in addition links more information (also called a "linking or connective adverb"). |
|
| MAIN CLAUSE | LINKING ADVERB |
Hire him because he is young and smart. |
Besides, he is funny! (a winning fact or point in the argument) |
They are a well-matched pair. Both have excellent dance technique. |
Besides, they are good friends. (conclusive fact or argument) |
They plan, practice and perfect their work. |
In addition, they take time to relax. (information) |
They received several job offers. |
In addition, they received a promotion. (information) |
hire (V) — offer a job
in stead of, outside of, in addition to, along with are examples of "double prepositions"
Also see Connective Adverbs (What's more, Not to mention, Additionally), Noun Phrases –reducing clauses
Pop-Q "Besides"
Besides vs. Except for
Setting aside a detail from the others
Setting Aside vs. Excluding Information
| SETTING ASIDE INCLUDED INFORMATION | |
|---|---|
When asked, "What else?", we express that we are including but setting aside information with besides , in addition to, other than, not including so that we can mention the rest of the details—the remainder of the total (else). |
|
| INCLUDED BUT SET ASIDE | REMAINING DETAILS |
Besides being on time, "Apart from but in addition to" |
he was smart, funny and charming.
|
Other than France, "Apart from but in addition to" |
he has been to all the European countries. |
Not including English, "Apart from but in addition to" |
he speaks Spanish, French, German, and Italian. |
| EXCLUDING INFORMATION | |
|---|---|
We express that we are excluding information from the immediately following details with an introductory phrase except for "disregard this fact". |
|
| EXCLUDED | INCLUDED DETAILS |
Except for being late, "Not this" |
he was smart, funny and charming. |
Except for Portugal,
|
he has been to all the European countries. |
Except for speaking Dutch, |
he speaks Spanish, French, German, Italian and English. |
outside of – "other than"
Also see But/ Except and Noun Phrases –reducing clauses to phrases.
Coordinators / Conjunctions
Reduced Verb Pairs
Verb and Verb…
| VERB + AND + VERB |
|---|
Informally, the verbs come, go, hurry up and stay are paired with a second verb. A reduced form without and occurs with the verbs come and go. Other verb tenses may be used with these verbs. |
Come and see what I did. / Come see… (informal) He came and saw my project. |
Go and get your shoes. / Go get… (informal) He went and got his shoes. |
Hurry up and open the door. We hurried to open… We hurried and opened… (no past with hurried up) |
Stay and have another drink. We stayed to have another drink. We stayed and had another drink. |
| AND or INFINITIVE |
|---|
Do, wait, and be are commonly paired with a second verb and are joined with either and or to (infinitive). They occur only with the base form of the verb. Other verb tenses are not used. |
Try and do your work well. (Try to do…) |
Wait and see what happens. (Wait to see…) |
Be sure and do it correctly. (Be sure to do…) |
*We were sure and did it correctly. (Use the base form of these verb pairs.) |
In the above examples, and is often reduced to "n" as in "Come 'n' see."
Common Mistakes
Errors and Solutions
Error and Solution
| ERROR |
|---|
What else have you done today? *Except going to school, I did my homework, went to football practice, cooked dinner and watched TV. |
I don't want to go. I don't like swimming. And I don't have a bathing suit. Not incorrect, but we can use a better word to add a conclusive fact or point to an argument. |
*He is vegetarian as well as is trying to remove unhealthy foods from his diet. As well as joins like elements, not [adj–verb phrase] |
*Keep bedrooms free of clutter where bedbugs can hide and seal wall cracks and crevices. Funny!
|
Pop-Q "| SOLUTION |
|---|
Besides going to school, I did my homework… Not including going to school, I did my homework… Other than going to school, I did my homework… |
Besides, I don't have a bathing suit. Furthermore, I don't have a bathing suit. And above all, I don't have a bathing suit. |
He is vegetarian, and (he) is trying to remove unhealthy foods from his diet. See FANBOYS He's vegetarian as well as vegan.(adj–adj) |
Keep bedrooms free of clutter where bedbugs can hide, and seal wall cracks and crevices. / And seal… And should join similar sentence elements. Separate the two clauses. |
*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.
Grammar Notes (Advanced)
Traditional and Linguistic Descriptions
Traditional and Linguistic Descriptions
| TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR |
|---|
A conjunction and a coordinating conjunction differ in that a conjunction joins grammatically alike subclausal elements, whereas a coordinating conjunction joins grammatically alike clausal elements. (Azar 16-4) (Swan 510.1-2) compound sentence– the joining of two independent clauses |
| CONJUNCTION |
and, but, or |
| COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS |
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ("fanboys") |
| CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS |
In addition, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore |
| ADVERBS |
as well as, in addition to, along with also, as well, too — adverbs (Swan 46-47); also "focusing adverb" (Swan 24.6) |
| LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION |
|---|
In linguistic description, "coordination is the relation between elements of equal syntactic status, and as such contrast with subordination [unequal syntactic structure]." (Huddleston "Properties of prototypical coordinators" 15 §2.1) compound — the term is limited to the joining of two words: sweetheart, blackbird, copycat, egghead, etc. [not clauses] |
| (FUNCTION TERM) |
conjunction — is a logic function of A + B "both"; ("and" and sometimes "or") Caffeine is found in coffee and tea. Caffeine is found in coffee or tea. ("both"). |
| COORDINATORS |
and, but, or, nor |
| CONNECTIVE ADVERBS |
In addition, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore |
| PREPOSITIONS / COORDINATOR |
as well as
|
Works Cited
- Azar, Betty Schrampfer, and Stacy A. Hagen. Understanding and Using English Grammar. 4th ed., Pearson Education, 2009.
- Biber, Douglas, and Stig Johansson, et al. Longman Grammar Of Spoken And Written English. Pearson Education, 1999.
- Huddleston, Rodney D., and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002.
- Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2005.
Practice 1
Talent Show Auditions
Read the Paragraph (without conjunctions)
Talent shows on television are loved ____ hated. Contestants perform "live" on the stage before the judges ____ millions of television viewers. To appear on a show, a contestant has to be talented and a good performer. ____ the contestant has to be extremely bold. The judges can be mean. If they do not like the performance, they buzz the contestants and criticize them. ____ they insult the contestants. ___ becoming famous, the contestants hope to get rich.
Some contestants have neither talent nor good taste ____ fools. Others are very smart, talented ____ creative. Most contestants are very talented ____ are looking for a break in show business. With a little imagination ____ hard work, some will become stars. Most of the contestants will get their "fifteen minutes of fame". ____ they will face rejection and disappointment.
a break (N) — an opportunity, a chance, a start
bold (Adj) — brave, without fear, not afraid of doing difficult things, courageous
buzz (V) — an electronic button that indicates rejection — no!
contestants (N) — people who compete to win
creative (Adj) — use imagination to plan and perform new acts
criticize (V) — to say the good and bad points of something; express approval or disapproval
famous (Adj) — well known, celebrities
fool (N) — a person who appears to have poor judgment or a simple mind (or is, in fact, very smart.)
good taste (N) — the sense of what is fitting, harmonious, or beautiful
insult (V) — to say unkind things to someone; offend or be rude
live (Adj) /laiv/ — real time, actual time
perform (V) — sing, dance, do their special artistic act
stars (N) — famous; successful entertainers
talent (N) — having special abilities or skills
talented (Adj) — having special artistic abilities or skills
Optional comma usage: smart, talented, and creative OR smart, talented and creative; See Comma–series.
Add conjunctions.
- Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
- Compare your responses to the feedback by clicking the "Check" or "Check 1-10" button.
Practice 2
Magic Act
Read for Errors
Ben wants to audition for a talent show. He is a tap dancer does a magic act. His act is special because he can tap dance. He can pull a rabbit out of a hat in addition whistling. (He can do all three at the same time.) He went to an audition for a talent show. He wore black pants and a jacket, in addition to his magic hat.
He started with a little tap dance, and then he did his magic act. He thought he did very well. Everyone laughed and cheered. Moreover, they applauded his performance afterwards. The judges said that his act wasn't original or creative. Furthermore, they already had a magic act.
applaud (V) — clap; make an approval sound with the hands
audition (V) — try out; a chance to show the director what he can do so that he can get a job
cheer (V) — shout encouragement (an audience)
magician (N) — a person who does magic tricks
whistle (V) — make a musical sound with the lips
Decide whether the sentence is correct or incorrect.
- Select your response "correct" or "incorrect".
- Compare your responses to the feedback by clicking the "Check" or "Check 11-15" button.
Practice 3
Triple-Threat Talent
Read the Context (without connectors)
Janelle is a tough competitor at auditions. She is often called a "triple threat", which means she has multiple talents. Janelle dances, sings, acts, enchants audiences.
She has studied modern, hip-hop, ballet. She has studied African dance. The African dance types include courtship, harvest, fertility, celebration, wedding, friendship.
Janelle also sings beautifully. She has a four-octave vocal range. She has perfect pitch.
Without using a microphone, she can easily be heard in the back of the room. She mostly sings R & B, pop, soul. She sings gospel.
Janelle has acted in three Broadway musicals: Wicked, Chicago, Lion King. She is currently playing the part of "Rafiki" in The Lion King. She will be going on an International tour to Japan, China, Indonesia, the Philippines.
audience (N) — people who attend, enjoy a performance on stage
audition (N) — try out; show your talents to the judges or director so that you can get the job (acting, singing, etc.); test suitability for employment
enchant (V) — delight; give a magical quality to a performance
go on tour (V) — travel around the country or world
musical (N) — a stage show with music and acting, such as Chicago, The.4 Sound of Music, Annie, West Side Story, Cabaret, etc.
octave (N) — music: a series of eight tones (e.g., A, B, C, D, E, F, G)
R & B — rhythm and blues style of singing
role (N) — character or part in a play, opera or musical
triple threat — having three talents, such as throwing, passing and running, or singing , acting, and dancing; a person who will easily get hired because of three related skills
Edit the paragraph adding coordinators.
- Edit the sentence in the text box. (More than one response may be correct.)
- Compare your responses to the feedback by clicking the "Check" or "Check 16-22" button. Other options for wording is enclosed in brackets [ ].