Grammar-Quizzes.com

(Hall and Hall 140)    If there are two or three authors, give all their names.

(Singleton et al. 345)
If there are four or more authors, use the first author's name and the Latin abbreviation et al. (shortened from et al ii, "and others). Note the period after the abbreviation al.

(140)
If you have already mentioned the author's name in the text, do not repeat the name in your citation.  For example, if you introduced the borrowed information with a phrase such as "According to Davis" or "As Hall and Hall wrote", give only the page number.

(Tannen, Gender 220)
(Tannen, You Just 47)
When you use information in a paper from two different works by the same author, include a short name for each work to differentiate them. In the examples, an author named Tannen wrote two books.  The title of the first book is shortened to Gender, and the title of the second book is shorted ed to You Just.

("Earthquakes" 212)
If there is no author, use a short title in quotations marks.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE

("Global Warming")
For an encyclopedia article, use the author's name if you know it.  If you don't know it, use the title of the article in quotations marks.  You do not need a page number since encyclopedia articles are arranged alphabetically and your reader will be able to find the source easily.

(J&J "Credo" screen 2)
For an electronic source (online or CD-ROM) follow the same system as for print sources. If there are no page numbers, use whatever numbering system the source has --section number (abbreviated as "sec."), paragraph number (abbreviated as "par."), screen number--or use no number.
(Hogue 355-56)

1962

Hitchcock, Alfred.

Alfred Hitchcock's Ghostly Gallery .

New York:

Random House,

1962.

Author's last name, First name. Middle initial (if any). Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

One author

Hitchcock, Alfred. Alfred Hitchcock's Ghostly Gallery. New York: Random
      House, 1962.
 

Two or three
authors

Four or more
authors

Holloway, Susan D., et al. Through My Own Eyes: Single Mothers
     and the Cultures of Poverty. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1997.

If there are four or more authors, use the first author's name and the Latin abbreviation et al. (shortened from et al ii, "and others). Note the period after the abbreviation al.
 

Editor(s) rather
than author(s):

"Certified Organic"

1. Author's last name, first name middle initial (if any).
2. "Title of Article."
3. Title of Magazine.
4. Day (if given) Month (abbreviated except May, June, and July) Year:
5. Page numbers of article (if the article is not printed on consecutive pages, give the first page followed by a + (plus symbol).

EXAMPLE:      

Underwood, Ann, Karen Springen. "Certified Organic." Newsweek. 3 Sep. 2002: 23+

"Effectiveness
     of . . . "

Vol 288,

No.11

1. Author's Last name, First name Middle initial (if any).
2. "Title of article."
3. journal title
4. volume number.
5. Issue number (if each number of journal begins on page 1)
6. (Date of publication):
7. page numbers.

EXAMPLE (Multiple Authors):

Hodnett, et al. "Effectiveness of Nurses as Providers of Birth Labor Support in North American Hospitals." The American Journal of Anesthesiology 288.11 (18 Sept. 2002): 1373-81.
 

"Universities
Face . . . "

1. Author's last name, first name, with middle initial (if any).
2. "Title of article."
3. Title of newspaper.
4. Day (if given) Month (abbreviated except May, June, and July) Year:
5. Page numbers of article. Section and Page Number(s): If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, just give the first page followed by + (a plus symbol).

EXAMPLE:  

Schevitz, Tanya."Universities Face Student Deluge." San Francisco Chronicle 4 Sept 2000: A16+.
 

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide "

Purdue

Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/>.

1. Author's last name (if author is given), first name, middle initial (if any).
2. Title of Page.
3. Title of Site. (If no title is given, provide description, such as Home Page)
4. Date of publication or latest update (abbreviated, except May, June, and July).
5. Name of any institution or organization sponsoring or associated with the website (if given).
6. Day Month (abbreviated, except May, June, and July)
7. Year of researcher's visit.<URL (web address) of the page>.

If any of the information above is not given (such as last update, author, ...), leave the information out.
URLs that won't fit on one line of your Works Cited list should be broken at slashes, when possible.

Other examples:

• "Avoiding Plagiarism." The OWL at Purdue. 2002. Purdue University Writing Lab. 11 Sept.2003.       <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/>
• DeBono, Steve, Terri Rosen. "Accidental Hero: Benefits of Forensics." 2002. PBS - KQED.       10 Jan. 2003. <http://www.pbs.org/accidentalhero/>
• Joe Landsberger, "Citing Web Sites in MLA Style," Study Guides and Strategies, 2009  http://www.studygs.net/citation/mla.htm
• Warlick, David, "Son of Citation Machine." Apr 2006. The Landmark Project. 30 Nov 2006 <http://www.citationmachine.net>
   

The Birds

1. title
2. director,
3. (performers)
4. media type
5. the film studio or distributor
6. the release year.

If other information, like names of performers, is relevant to how the film is referred to in your paper, include that as well.

EXAMPLE:

The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro. Film. Polygram, 1995.

Citizen Kane. Dir. Orson Welles. Perfs. Orson Welles, Joseph Cotton. Film. RKO Radio Pictures, 1941.

Medicine at the Crossroads. Prod. 13/WNET and BBC TV. Videocassette. PBS Video, 1993

See Resources below for other kinds of media.