Participial Adjectives 1 -ed / -ing
Cause vs. Receiver of an Emotion
A participial adjective modifies a noun and may indicate:
source of feeling or emotion
receiver of feeling or emotion
| PRESENT PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ING | PAST PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ED |
|---|---|
Cause or source (agent) of the feeling or emotion – The present participle serves as an adjective formed from an active verb. |
Receiver of the feeling or emotion – The past participle serves as an adjective formed from the passive form of the verb. |
|
|
The clown was entertaining the family. (active verb) |
The family was entertained by the clown. (passive verb) |
The clown was entertaining. (present participial adjective ) |
The family was entertained. (past participial adjective ) |
Other Participial Adjectives
| CAUSE OF THE FEELING | RECEIVER OF THE FEELING | ||
|---|---|---|---|
alarming |
frustrating |
alarmed |
frustrated |
amusing |
humiliating |
amused |
humiliated |
annoying |
interesting |
annoyed |
interested |
boring |
intriguing |
bored |
intrigued |
concerning |
overwhelming |
concerned |
overwhelmed |
confusing |
perplexing |
confused |
perplexed |
embarrassing |
pleasing |
embarrassed |
pleased |
encouraging |
relaxing |
encouraged |
relaxed |
energizing |
satisfying |
energized |
satisfied |
entertaining |
shocking |
entertained |
shocked |
exciting |
surprising |
excited |
surprised |
exhausting |
terrifying |
exhausted |
terrified |
frightening |
tiring |
frightened |
tired |

Common Mistake
| ERROR | FIX |
|---|---|
I was surprising to see sheep walking on the road. |
I was surprised to see sheep walking on the road. |
Participial Adjectives -ed / -ing
As Modifiers to Subjects
Cause (Source) vs. Receiver
| PRESENT PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ING | PAST PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ED |
|---|---|
Cause of the feeling or emotion – The present participle serves as an adjective formed from an active verb. |
Receiver of the feeling or emotion – The past participle serves as an adjective formed from the passive form of the verb. |
The ride causes the amusement. |
The child receives the feeling of amusement. |
Interesting people will will
speak during the 2-day class. |
Interested people can sign
up for the 2-day class. |
Boring speakers put their attendees to sleep. |
Bored speakers should find something exciting to say. |
Amusing short films are shown at the animated film festival. |
Amused viewers enjoy the short films. |
Overwhelming amounts of work are given to University students. |
Overwhelmed students end up dropping a course or two . |
Practice
Differentiating Source and Receiver
Decide whether the subject of each sentence is the source (cause of the feeling) or the receiver.
- Select the word from each menu that best completes the sentence.
- Compare your response to the answer by clicking the "check" button to the right.
Index Grammar-Quizzes | Previous Passive - "get" | Next Participial Adj 2 (roasted vs. roasting)
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