Nominal Clause Summary (noun clauses / reported speech / indirect speech)
Diagnostic
Nominal Clause Diagnostic: identifying specific points that need review
Quiz 1: beginning – intermediate
Quiz 2: intermediate – advanced
Reported Speech from Questions
Wh- Question Clauses: in reported speech (Indirect Speech)
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- Quoted v. Reported Speech
- Sub Cls Adjustments
- Deixis
- Tense Adjustment
- Opinion + Wh-clause
- Word Order Exception
- Wh- Infinitives
- Common Mistakes
- Grammar Notes
- Practice 1 – mulitple choice
- Practice 2 – correct / incorrect
- Practice 3 – read and edit
My friend said, "How are you?"
My friend asked how I was.
Yes/No Question Clauses: in reported speech (Indirect Speech)
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- Quoted v. Reported Speech
- Sub Cls Adjustments
- Tense Adjustment
- Subord Question-clauses
- Word Order Exception
- If vs. Whether
- Common Mistakes
- Grammar Notes
- Practice 1 – complete sentence
- Practice 2 – correct - incorrect
- Practice 3 – edit paragraph
My friend said, "Are you coming with us?"
My friend asked whether I was going with them.
Reported Speech from Imperatives
Imperative Clauses: in reported speech (Indirect Speech)
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- Reported Commands
- Infinitive Clause
- That-clause (should)
- Subjunctive
- Subjunctive Verb List
- Common Mistakes
- Grammar Notes
- Practice 1 – complete sentence
- Practice 2 – complete sentence
- Practice 3 – edit the sentence
The doctor said, Get some rest."
The doctor said to get some rest.
The doctor said (that) I should get some rest.
The doctor told me to get some rest.
The doctor advised that she get some rest.
Order + Pron + Infinitive: imposing will on others (commands)
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- Subjunctive vs. Infinitive Verb Form
- Verbs like Order List
- Common Mistakes
- Practice – multiple choice
The judge ordered John to leave.
The judge ordered that John leave. (Verb uses base form, no -s.)
Reported Speech from Statements
Statement Clauses: in reported speech (Indirect Speech)
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
She said, "It's raining here."
She said that it was raining there.
Said Synonyms: in reported speech (Indirect Speech)
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- Say / Tell / Add - said (to us) pattern, told (us) pattern, added pattern
- Say / Tell/ Add Word List
- Formal / Informal Agreement
- Practice 1– complete sentence (MC)
- Practice 2– correct / incorrect
- Practice 3– edit
She said to me that it is nearby.
She told me that it is nearby.
She added that it is nearby.
That–Clause as Subject: a content clause as subject
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- That-clause Subject
- Complements
- Agreement
- Common Mistakes
- Grammar Notes
- Practice 1– complete sentence
- Practice 2– edit sentence
The need for more people in math and science is clear to all.
That we need more people in math and science is clear to all.
It–Clause as Subject: shifting focus to another part of the sentence
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
-
That/It Subj Clauses
- It Expressions
- It / There Dummy Pronouns
- Common Mistakes
- Grammar Notes
- Practice 1 – complete sentence
- Practice 2 – correct/incorrect
- Practice 3 – edit sentence
Also see It /There Pronouns
It is obvious to all that Fred is a funny comedian.
That Fred is a funny comedian is obvious to all.
It amazed us what he said.
What he said amazed us.
It was a particularly funny joke.
There was a particularly funny joke.
What– Clause/Phrase: shifting focus to another sentence part
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- That which / What
- Forming a What Phrase
- What-Clefts
- It–Clefts
- What–Clause Reversal
- Agreement
- Common Mistakes
- Grammar Notes
- Practice 1 – complete sentence
- Practice 2 – correct/incorrect
- Practice 3 – edit sentence
The joke which he said was funny.
That which he said was funny.
What he said was funny.
It was funny what he said.
What was funny was his joke.
The reason is + clause: specifying reason
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- Focus on Reason
- Specifying "be"
- Specifying Word List
- Article Use
- Prepositional Modifiers
- Beginning or ending w/ clause
- Common Mistakes
- Grammar Notes
- Practice 1 – complete sentence
- Practice 2 – correct/incorrect
- Practice 3 – edit sentence
The reason (that he can't find a job) is the weak economy.
He can't find a job because the economy is weak.
The reason is logical. "be - decribing"
The reason is the economy. "be - specifying"
The reason is that the economy is weak.
The reason why is that the economy is weak.
The reason is because the economy is weak.
The reason for that is that the economy is weak.
Nominal Clause Quizzes
Nominal Clause Quiz: auto-correcting quiz
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
The old lady next door must have a lot of cats. I don't know how many ____.
"I've been running about five years now."
The runner replied that ____.
Review
Ch 12 Noun Clauses: Noun Clauses
Int.– ESL
- Azar - Chapter 12 box-by-box review
End of the semester practice
Do you know ____?
(where will the meeting be / where the meeting will be)
Related Pages
Nouns Suffixes: forming nouns from other word forms (nominalization)
Beg. – Adv. ESL, native speakers
- Verb to Noun Word Form
- Noun Suffixes
- Nouns Ending in -ing
- Verb & Noun– Same Form
- Common Mistakes
- Practice 1 – complete the sentence (MC)
- Practice 2 – correct / incorrect
- Practice 3 – edit sentences
Our plane arrived at noon. (verb form)
The arrival of our plane was at noon. (noun form)
We departed on time. (verb form)
Our departure was on time. (noun form)
Our landing was on time. (noun form)
If / Whether: stating a condition or an alternative
Int.–Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- if - whether
- after a preposition
- before an infinitive
- in indirect questions
- In an initial clause
- informal vs. formal phrasing
I don't know if my cell phone will work here.
I don't know whether my cell phone will work here.
I don't know whether or not my cell phone will work if I use it here.
(alternative - whether or not) (condition)
Wh-ever: using an indefinite pronoun to add a modifying clause
Int.–Adv. ESL
- whoever
- whatever
- whenever
- wherever
- however
Whoever you want, you can have on your team.
Whichever one you want, you can have.
Whatever you want, you can have.
Cleft Sentences: spliting sentences to allow a shift in focus
Adv. ESL, Native Speakers
- Cleft Sentences
- What Clefts
- It Clefts
- Who/ Where/ What/ Why Clefts
- Practice 1 – identifty
- Practice 2 – mutiiple choice
- Practice 3– edit
His energy amazed me.
What amazed me was his energy.
His energy was what amazed me.
It amazed me that he had so much energy.