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That

Using a modifying clause with that

Adding descriptive information for things

• that (subject or object pronoun)

• the main sentence is the independent clause
• the modifying phrase is the dependent clause

The car that is very small   is economical to drive.

The car that I want to buy   is economical to drive.

Who-Whom

Using a modifying clause with who, whom & that

Adding descriptive information for people and things

• who
• who(m)
• that
• which

Omitting an object pronoun

The woman who called you is here.

The woman  (whom) you called is here.

Whose

Using a modifying clause with whose

Adding descriptive information for possession

• whose (for people)

The woman  who is Greek is on the phone.

The woman  whose name is Greek is on the phone.

when-where

Using a modifying clause with when and where

Adding descriptive information for time and place

• when (time)
• where (place)

San Francisco  where the "flower children" began  is a colorful city.

The 1960s when the "flower children" thrived   was a colorful decade.

wh-ever

Adding a modifying clause with indefinite pronouns

• whoever
• whatever
• whenever
• wherever
• however

Whoever you want, you can have on your team. 

Whichever one you want, you can have. 

Whatever you want, you can have. 

all of which

Using a modifying clause with all of which

Adding descriptive information by telling "how much"

Expressions of quantity:

• little of which
• some of which
• most of which
• a few of which

California has a lot of visitors, most of which come to see Disneyland.

X of which

Using a modifying clause with whose or "the X of which"

Adding descriptive information for animate or inanimate possession

• the X of which  (for things)
• whose  (for people or things)

The car  the door of which I dented  cost a fortune to repair.

The car  whose door I dented  cost a fortune to repair.

that/ which

Using a modifying clause to identify something – that vs. which

Talking about something specifically or "in general"

• commas – if clause identifies the noun it modifies
• no commas – if clause adds extra information to the noun it modifies

The water that I drank last night contained sodium.

The Evian water, which I drank last night, contained sodium.

some or all

Referring to something specific or to all – some or all

• commas -–   refers to all (non-restrictive)
• no commas – refers to a few or some -  specific (restrictive)  

The bio-scientist who creates green energy will make a profit.

The bio-scientist, who creates green energy, will make a profit.

which-clause

Referring to part (noun) or all of a clause

• that  refers to a noun
• which  can refer to a noun, phrase or clause

He deleted the picture that upset me. (The picture upset me.)

He deleted the picture, which upset me. (The action upset me.)

phrase [be]

Reducing a clause using [that + be] deletion

For example:

• [who is] behind you
• [that improves] improving his life
• [which was improved] improved by ..

A talk show [which is] trying to improve its rating may plan a fight.

A talk show trying to improve its rating may plan a fight.

particpl phrs

Reducing a clause by changing the verb to a present participle phrase

For example:

• [who lives] living nearby
• [that improves] improving his life
• [which changes] changing his ways

Congress, [which consists] of two houses, is on a break.

Congress, consisting of two houses, is on a break.

ppartcpl phrs

Reducing a clause to a phrase using [that + be] deletion

• [which was planned] planned as a ...
• [which was built ] built in 1937

Located in Passive Practices

The Golden Gate Bridge, (which was) designed by Joseph Strauss, attracts tourists.

ppparti phrs

Modifying nouns with present & past participle phrases

• passive verb – past participle phrase (-ed)
• active verb –present participle phrase (-ing)

Located in Passive Practices

Alcatraz Island (that was) known as "The Rock", was a maximum security prison.

Law enforcement agencies (who knew) knowing about the isolation of Alcatraz chose it as the ideal site for their new prison.  

agree4b

Agreement in complex sentences:

• with modifying phrases
• with prepositional phrases

Located in Agreement Practices

The monkey  under the bananas is hiding.

The monkeys  under the tree are hiding.

review-13

Review adjective clauses

with practices that follow Azar UUAE chapter 13

Located in Review Practices

Commercials that you see on TV  (is / are) ____ aimed at children.

adj cls quiz

Using possessive modifiers and expressions of quantity

• Auto-Correcting Quiz  

The Bay to Breakers race, (its, whose, that)  ____ name comes from its route, is fun for all.