All of Which
Using a quantity expressions to add a modifying clause
Modifying Clauses with Quantity Expressions
| [QUANTITY] OF WHICH |
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A quantity phrase with which is placed at the front of the modifying clause and then the clause is placed directly after the noun it modifies. |
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| [QUANTITY] OF WHOM |
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A quantity phrase with whom is placed at the front of the modifying clause and then the clause is placed directly after the noun it modifies. |
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The quantifying expression [quantity] of whom is used as the subject or object of the modifying clause. Whom (not who) is used because it is the object of the prepositional phrase of.
Examples of Quantity Phrase Pronouns
some of which |
many of who(m) |
most of whose (cars) |
none of who(m) |
two of who(m) |
half of who(m) |
both of which |
neither of who(m) |
each of which |
all of whose (money) |
both of whose (names) |
several of which |
a few of which |
a little of which |
a number of who(m) |
Quantity Phrases can be used before which, whom or whose +noun.
Forming the Clause
Quantity Phrase — All of Which
All of Which in a Modifying Clause
| IN SUBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE | |
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Which replaces an object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies. Below, all of which serves as the subject of the modifying clause. |
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The Disney Company has several parks. All of the parks / All of them are run by Disney. |
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| SUBJECT of MOD CLS | |
The Disney Company has several parks. |
All of them are run by Disney. |
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all of which |
The Disney Company has several parks, |
all of which are run by Disney. |
| IN OBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE | |
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Which replaces an object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies. Below, all of which serves as the object of the modifying clause. |
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The Disney Company has several parks. Disney runs all of the parks / all of them. |
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| OBJECT of MOD CLS | |
The Disney Company has several parks. |
Disney runs all of them. |
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all of which |
The Disney Company has several parks, |
all of which Disney runs. |
All of which, most of which, many of which, much of which, some of which, a few of which, a little of which, none of which, etc.
Commas are added when the clause adds extra information, "nice to know", but not essential to identifying the noun. See punctuation below.
Forming the Clause
Quantity Phrase — Many of Whom
Many of Whom in a Modifying Clause
| IN SUBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE | |
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Whom replaces a personal object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies. Below, many of whom serves as the subject of the modifying clause. |
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California has a lot of visitors. Many of the visitors / Many of themcome to Disneyland. |
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| SUBJECT of MOD CLS | |
California has a lot of visitors. |
Many of them go to Disneyland. |
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many of whom |
California has a lot of visitors, |
many of whom go to Disneyland. |
| IN OBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE | |
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Whom replaces a personal object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies. Below, many of whom serves as the object of the modifying clause. |
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The Disney Company has several parks. Disney hosts many of the visitors / many of them. |
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| OBJECT of MOD CLS | |
California has a lot of visitors. |
Disneyland hosts many of them. |
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many of whom |
California has a lot of visitors, |
many of whom Disneyland hosts. |
All of whom, most of whom, many of whom, much of whom, some of whom, a few of whom, a little of whom, none of whom, etc.
Most of whom – the object of a preposition is replaced by whom. Most of who is very informal.
host (n./ v.) – a person, place, company, or the like, that provides services, resources, etc., as for a convention or event: Our city would like to serve as host for the next Winter Olympics. (opens its doors, provides services or accommodations)
Add commas if the clause adds extra information that is not essential to identifying the noun. See below punctuation.
Forming the Clause
Quantity Phrases — Most of Whose
Most of Whose in a Modifying Clause
| IN SUBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE | |
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Whose replaces a possessive personal noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies. Below, most of whose + noun serves as the subject of the modifying clause. |
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On Sunday evenings, we used to watch Walt Disney. Most of Disney's / Most of his cartoons were on television. |
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| SUBJECT of MOD CLS | |
On Sundays, we used to watch Walt Disney. |
Most of his cartoons were on TV. |
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most of whose cartoons |
On Sundays, we used to watch Walt Disney, |
most of whose cartoons were on his show. |
| IN OBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE | |
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Whose replaces a possessive personal noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies. Below, most of whose + noun serves as the object of the modifying clause. |
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On Sunday evenings, we used to watch Walt Disney. We loved most of Disney's cartoons / most of his cartoons. |
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| OBJECT of MOD CLS | |
On Sundays, we used to watch Walt Disney. |
We loved most of his cartoons. |
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most of whose cartoons. |
On Sundays, we used to watch Walt Disney, |
most of whose cartoons we loved. |
All of whose, most of whose, many of whose, much of whose, some of whose, a few of whose, a little of whose, none of whose, etc.
used to (semi-modal v.) – a past habit that has stopped See Used to.
Add commas if the clause adds extra information that is not essential to identifying the noun. See below punctuation.
"Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color" 1954 – 1992 IMDB
Modifying Clause
Punctuation
An identifying vs. Nonidentifying Clause
| IDENTIFYING CLAUSE |
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The kids all of whom go to my school won the biking race. |
The biking trophy was given to the kids (all of whom) you just met. |
A clause that identifies the noun before it (tells you which ones) is an identifying clause. No commas are used.| NONIDENTIFYING CLAUSE |
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The Jaguars, all of whom go to my school, won the biking race. |
The biking trophy was given to the Jaguars, all of whom you just met. |
A clause that adds extra, nonidentifying information is set off with comma(s). The pronoun in the quantity phrase cannot be omitted.An identifying clause adds information or narrows (limits) the noun to a specific one, group or lot. The clause helps by telling us which one. No commas are used. It is also called restrictive, essential , or necessary clause. See That vs. Which Some or All.
A nonidentifying clause adds extra information about a noun already identified by other means, for example, by name, by shared knowledge or context. The clause, a comment, is set off with commas (before and, if necessary, after the clause). It is also called nonrestrictive, nonessential, or unnecessary clause. See Commas – comments.
¹An object relative pronoun cannot be omitted from (left out of) a nonidentifying clause.
Common Mistakes
Errors and Solutions
| ERROR | SOLUTION |
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*On my trip, there were forty people, most of who were from Italy. |
On my trip, there were forty people, most of whom were from Italy. |
*There were a lot of kids in my class who most were from China. |
In my class were a lot of kids who were mostly from China. In my class were a lot of kids most of whom were from China. |
Practice 1
The Estate of Elvis Presley
Read (without modifying clauses)
When Elvis died on August 16, 1977, he was by no means broke, but his estate at Graceland was costing far too much to maintain. Priscilla received a lot of suggestions from friends. Many of them had been financial advisors to Elvis. The suggestions involved selling off Graceland. None of them felt right to Priscilla. Instead, Priscilla decided to open Graceland to the public.
Today, Graceland welcomes over 600,000 visitors a year. Most of them come from outside of the city. They bring 150 million per year into the economy of Memphis. The rooms have been left as they were in 1977. All of them are included in the tour. Also, Elvis' personal items: costumes, wardrobe, awards are on view on the Graceland tour.
His cars can be seen in the garage. Half of them were Cadillacs. Elvis loved Cadillacs. One of them was his favorite — a 1955 pink and white Fleetwood.
A museum across the street displays Elvis' planes. Elvis never actually learned to fly. One of those planes was named Lisa,
More projects are planned in the area surrounding the Graceland Mansion. A number of them include expansion. Today, Lisa Marie Presley owns 100% of Graceland Estate. EPE (Elvis Presley Enterprises) manages licensing and sales of Elvis' products. Many of them are available on their website. In 2005, several EPE shares were sold by Lisa Marie Presley. The majority of her shares were bought by an entertainment company CKX, Inc.
EPE – Elvis Presley Enterprises
estate (n.) – all of someone's property, home and money, especially everything that is left after they die
licensing (US-Eng) / licencing (Br-Eng) – legal permission
mansion (n.) – very large home usually surrounded by fence and a gate
shares (n.) – one of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided
The Story of the Elvis Presley Estate, Full story
Remove the wordiness from the story by changing the clauses with quantity expressions to modifying clauses.
- Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
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