| ADVERBS FOR OPINION | MODALS |
|---|---|
An adverb can be used to express what the speaker believes to be true about a situation. |
A modal before the verb may be used to express a similar meaning. |
Maybe, he will reach the top. (uncertain) |
He might reach the top of the mountain. (uncertain) |
He will definitely reach the top. (certain) |
He will reach the top. (certain) |
Possibly, he'll descend the same day. (certainty) |
He may descend the same day. (uncertain) |
No doubt, he'll return before dark. (certainty, necessity) |
He must return before dark. (necessity) |
He apparently has super-human strength. (inference) |
He must have super-human strength. (inference) |
Also see Will / Might and Should/ Must
Also known as Modal Adjuncts / Epistemic Stance Adverbials. See Grammar Notes.
| ADVERBS | PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES |
|---|---|
Opinion adverbs (or prepositional phrases) express a wide range of opinion: certainty, reality, sources, limitations and precision of the situation. |
An adverb expressing opinion regarding the truth value of the situation may occur with an -ly suffix, in prepositional phrase or as both (truthfully, in truth). |
CERTAINTY & DOUBT Undoubtedly, he'll reach the top of the mountain. (a sure guess) |
CERTAINTY & DOUBT Without a doubt, he'll reach the top of the mountain. (a sure guess) |
ACTUALITY AND REALITY He actually climbed it by himself. (factual, widely accepted) |
ACTUALITY AND REALITY In fact, he climbed it by himself. (factual, widely accepted) |
VIEWPOINT OR PERSPECTIVE Professionally, he's pretty amazing. (limiting it to my opinion) |
VIEWPOINT OR PERSPECTIVE From my view, he's pretty amazing. (limiting it to my opinion) |
SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE Apparently, he climbed it in world-record time. (second-hand information) |
SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE According to them, younger climbers are less strategic climbers. |
LIMITATION / GENRALIZATION He mostly climbed it by himself. (had some assistance) |
LIMITATION / GENRALIZATION For the most part, he climbed it by himself. (had some assistance) |
IMPRECISION Rougly, he climbed it in four hours. (about) |
IMPRECISION In a way, he had help from others. He sort of cheated by taking a helicopter down. |
(LGSWE 10.1.1 764 854)
| CERTAINTY & DOUBT† | ACTUALITY & REALITY | VIEWPOINT |
|---|---|---|
assuredly / certainly |
in fact |
from my perspective |
decidedly / definitely |
really |
in his view |
necessarily / surely |
actually |
in our opinion |
obviously / most likely |
truly / truthfully / in truth |
from a linguistic point of view |
undoubtedly / undeniably |
in actual fact |
with respect to the law |
very likely / probably |
I mean |
regarding the law |
conceivably / maybe |
that is to say |
officially (domain) |
perhaps, possibly |
in other words |
economically |
I guess / I doubt |
|
legally / morally |
unlikely |
|
|
expressing degree of certainty |
making things clear |
limiting the knowledge domain |
| SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE | LIMITATION (GENERALIZING) | IMPRECISION |
|---|---|---|
evidently |
in most cases |
about |
apparently |
mainly |
around |
reportedly |
typically |
roughly |
reputedly |
generally / in general |
so to speak |
according to X |
largely |
kind of |
|
for the most part |
sort of |
|
on the whole |
in a way |
|
in part |
|
mentioning second-hand knowledge |
generalizing |
roughly speaking
|
"softening and correcting" — I think, I feel, I guess, apparently, so to speak, more of less, well, really , I'm afraid, I suppose, rather, actually I mean (Swan 157.16)
| INITIAL SENTENCE POSITION | MID SENTENCE POSITION |
|---|---|
Most opinion words can be place before the clause or sentence (separated by a comma.) Prepositional phrases are usually placed before the clause. |
Words ending in -ly are usually placed after an auxiliary verb if there is one and before the main verb. Prepositional phrases are usually set off with commas if placed mid-sentence. |
In truth, we don't know how long the climb will take. |
We truly don't know how long the climb will take. |
Actually, we don't know how long the climb will take. / |
We don't really know how long the climb will take. / |
Probably, the climb will take five hours. |
The climb will probably take five hours. |
In our opinion, the climb will take five hours. |
The climb, in our opinion, will take five hours. |
In fact, the climb will take five hours. |
The climb, in fact, will take five hours. |
In fact, the climb will take five hours. |
The climb will take five hours. |
*About, the climb will take five hours. (Use "Roughly, ") |
They expect the climb to take about five hours. |
*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.
| QUIRK et. al. / BIBER et. al. | HUDDLESTON et. al. / SWAN |
|---|---|
Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1989) refer to these words as style disjuncts: "Style disjuncts convey the speaker's comment on the style and form of what he is saying, defining in some way under what conditions he is speaking as the 'authority' for the utterance. (8.123-33) style disjunct: content disjunct:
|
Huddleston and Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, refer to these structures as clause adjuncts. (CaGEL 765-7) modal adjuncts "Adverbs such as necessarily, probably, possibly, surely belong among the quite diverse set of forms expressing modal meaning…" domain adjuncts "Adjuncts of this kind restrict the domain to which the rest of the clause applies…" |
Biber, et. al. Longman Grammar Of Spoken And Written English, 1999, refer to these words as epistemic stance adverbs. (LGSWE 10.3) Stance adverbs "have the primary function of commenting on the content or style of a clause…" They fall into three categories: epistemic — It was, definitely, a waste of time. (personal belief, "truth or value of the proposition, commenting on: certainty, reality, sources, limitations and precision of the proposition.") |
Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage, 2009, refers to these words as discourse markers:showing one's attitude to what one is saying; making things clear; generalising |

Jack Shields is an extreme ice climber. I guess he is the most adventurous person I know. He does about twenty-five to thirty climbs a year. In fact, he is currently attempting to climb the Jungfrau in Interlaken, Switzerland. According to ice climbers, this is one of the most difficult mountain faces to climb. Apparently, that is why Jack wants to do it. He might be able to climb the south face, but it is unlikely that he can climb the north face wall.
In terms of the weather, the conditions should be perfect. There is a train that runs half-way up the mountain. But Jack doesn't plan to take it because that's sort of cheating. According to other climbers, the upper section is where most accidents occur. The view atop the Jungfrau on a clear day is undeniably one of the most beautiful in the world.
Wikipedia contributors. "Jungfrau." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungfrau#Climbing_routes