Connector Review: conjunctions, adverbs, and transition words

Connector Review

Conjunctions, adverbs and transition words

Connector Chart

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS	CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS	SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS	LINKING ADVERBS / TRANSITION WORDS
These join two words, phrases or independent clause. They mostly occur mid-sentence with a comma placed before the conjunction. They may also occur at the beginning of a sentence – note.	These join equivalent sentence elements such as one noun phrase with another noun phrase. These occur as paired words. (Also see Focusing Adverbs.)	These join a dependent clause to an independent clause. They occur at the beginning of sentences with a comma separating the clause mid-sentence or they occur mid-sentence with no comma.	These join two independent clauses or sentences. They can be used at the beginning of a sentence or mid- sentence (with punctuation). They transition the reader from the thought of one sentence to the thought in the next.
He talked and listened. (same subject) He talked, and I listened (different subjects) She was tired, so we left.	Both his project and hers ended. Neither he nor she knows how to ski. You car uses more gas than this one. This computer is as fast as that one.	Though it rained, we went. We went though it rained. Besides being cold, we were hungry. We were hungry besides being cold.	We wanted to go. However, it rained. We wanted to go; however, it rained. We wanted to go; it rained, however. In addition, it was windy and cold.
ADDITION and, also, and also	ADDITION both...and, not only ...also, not only ... but also, and...too, and so	ADDITION besides, in addition to	ADDITION / ORDERING in addition, furthermore, moreover, additionally, besides, firstly, secondly, next, finally
ALTERNATIVE or, nor	ALTERNATIVE either...or, neither...nor , rather than (1)	ALTERNATIVE rather than(2)	ALTERNATIVE instead, as an alternative, otherwise, rather
CAUSE-EFFECT so, for	CAUSE-EFFECT so...that, such...that	CAUSE-EFFECT (reason) because, since, now that, as, in order, as long as, inasmuch, because of, due to, owing to, so that, in order that, if only because	CAUSE-EFFECT therefore, consequently, as a consequence, as a result, thus, hence, accordingly
COMPARISON	COMPARISON as . . . as, more...than, less...than	COMPARISON as (like), as if, as though	COMPARISON In the same way, Similarly, In contrast, Unlike X, Y
CONDITION or else	CONDITION whether.. or not	CONDITION if, only if, unless, even if, whether, whether or not, provided (that), in case, in the event (that)	CONDITION otherwise, in the event (that), anyway, anyhow
CONTRAST but, yet, but still, but anyway	CONTRAST neither... nor	CONTRAST (contrary outcome) although, even though, though, while, whereas, despite, in spite of, regardless of	CONTRAST nevertheless, nonetheless, however, on the one hand, on the other hand, in contrast to, in contrast, on the contrary
EMPHASIS	EMPHASIS	EMPHASIS	EMPHASIS indeed, in fact, of course, certainly
PLACE	PLACE	PLACE where, wherever	PLACE
TIME	TIME	TIME after, before, when, while, since, as, until, as soon as, by the time, once	TIME first, second, next, then, finally, previously, now, presently, next, still, meanwhile, subsequently, afterward

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

LINKING ADVERBS / TRANSITION WORDS

These join two words, phrases or independent clause. They mostly occur mid-sentence with a comma placed before the conjunction. They may also occur at the beginning of a sentence – note.

These join equivalent sentence elements such as one noun phrase with another noun phrase. These occur as paired words. (Also see Focusing Adverbs.)

These join a dependent clause to an independent clause. They occur at the beginning of sentences with a comma separating the clause mid-sentence or they occur mid-sentence with no comma.

These join two independent clauses or sentences. They can be used at the beginning of a sentence or mid- sentence (with punctuation). They transition the reader from the thought of one sentence to the thought in the next.

He talked and listened. (same subject)

He talked, and I listened (different subjects)

She was tired, so we left.

Both his project and hers ended.

Neither he nor she knows how to ski.

You car uses more gas than this one.

This computer is as fast as that one.

Though it rained, we went.

We went though it rained.

Besides being cold, we were hungry.

We were hungry besides being cold.

We wanted to go. However, it rained.

We wanted to go; however, it rained.

We wanted to go; it rained, however.

In addition, it was windy and cold.

ADDITION

and, also, and also

ADDITION

both...and, not only ...also, not only ... but also, and...too, and so

ADDITION

besides, in addition to

ADDITION / ORDERING

in addition, furthermore, moreover, additionally, besides, firstly, secondly, next, finally

ALTERNATIVE

or, nor

ALTERNATIVE

either...or, neither...nor , rather than (1)

ALTERNATIVE

rather than(2)

ALTERNATIVE

instead, as an alternative, otherwise, rather

CAUSE-EFFECT

so, for

CAUSE-EFFECT

so...that, such...that

CAUSE-EFFECT (reason)

because, since, now that, as, in order, as long as, inasmuch, because of, due to, owing to, so that, in order that, if only because

CAUSE-EFFECT

therefore, consequently, as a consequence, as a result, thus, hence, accordingly

COMPARISON

as . . . as, more...than, less...than

COMPARISON

as (like), as if, as though

COMPARISON

In the same way, Similarly, In contrast, Unlike X, Y

CONDITION

or else

CONDITION

whether.. or not

CONDITION

if, only if, unless, even if, whether, whether or not, provided (that), in case, in the event (that)

CONDITION

otherwise, in the event (that), anyway, anyhow

CONTRAST

but, yet, but still, but anyway

CONTRAST

neither... nor

CONTRAST (contrary outcome)

although, even though, though, while, whereas, despite, in spite of, regardless of

CONTRAST

nevertheless, nonetheless, however, on the one hand, on the other hand, in contrast to, in contrast, on the contrary

EMPHASIS

indeed, in fact, of course, certainly

PLACE

where, wherever

PLACE

TIME

after, before, when, while, since, as, until, as soon as, by the time, once

TIME

first, second, next, then, finally, previously, now, presently, next, still, meanwhile, subsequently, afterward

Note: For some writers, a coordinating conjunction (and, but, so, etc.) is only used between two independent clauses (separated by a comma.) That is, a conjunction is not used at the beginning of a sentence. However, grammarians do not support this notion. Conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence (comments by Fowler, Merriam-Webster and other grammarians.)

Also see Adverb Uses (an overview of adverbs and adverbials)

Practice 1

A Day on the Bay

Which connector can logically complete the sentence?

Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.
Compare your response to the answer on the right by clicking the "check" button.

#	YOUR RESPONSE	FEEDBACK
1.	It was a gray and overcast day. , we went sailing on the Bay.	Because/ Though
2.	We took our wind-breaker jackets the weather was chilly.	Because/ Though \| Noun Phrases \| Cause & Effect
3.	We like to go sailing the wind is blowing hard enough.	Adverbs of Condition
4.	It's best not to eat much before sailing we may be hungry.	Because/ Though
5.	We take lots of bottled water to drink. , we get thirsty.	Adverbs of Condition
6.	You can bring a lunch on board you get sea sick.	Adverbs of Condition
7.	Some of us are better at doing some things than others. On the one hand, the experienced sailors are better at guiding the boat over rough water. , the novice sailors are more patient when bringing the ship back to port . novice (n.) – new member, a learner	Comparisons
8.	One time when we were passing under the bridge and going out to sea, a huge wave turned the ship on its side. , we had to call for assistance.	Because/ Though \| Effect
9.	there is an emergency, we have a radio and life raft.	Condition / Precaution
10.	We've had very few problems some close-calls with other boats. close calls = near collisions	Because/ Though \| Noun Phrases
11.	there are boating rules, not everyone follows them.	Because/ Though
12.	Drinking alcohol while sailing is discouraged, some people do (drink while sailing).	Because/ Though
13.	the Coast Guard is watching closely, people are behaving and sailing better on the Bay.	Because/ Though
14.	Sail boats have to enter the harbors carefully, they will collide with other ships.	Conditions for Outcomes
15.	Sail boat owners have to have insurance they want to.	Adverbs of Condition \| Adverbs of Emphasis (even)

Practice 2

"The Spirit of the Sea" (Advanced)

Edit these sentences that belong to a paragraph. Add connectors.

Write your corrections for the sentence in the text area.
Then compare your response to the answer by clicking the "check" button.

#	YOUR RESPONSE	CHECK YOUR ANSWER
16.	Six of the seven "vaka moana" canoes arrived in San Francisco this morning [time] sailing across the Pacific from New Zealand to the Hawaiian Islands and to the U.S. mainland. EDIT THIS: Six of the seven "vaka moana " canoes arrived in San Francisco this morning [time] sailing across the Pacific from New Zealand to the Hawaiian Islands and to the U.S. mainland.
17.	[contrary outcome] the 15,000 mile ocean journey, the six canoes arrived safely . (The first clause states a difficult condtion.) EDIT THIS: [contrary outcome] the 15,000 mile ocean journey, the six canoes arrived safely .
18.	They are participating in the voyage "Te Mana o Te Moana" which translates to "The Spirit of the Sea". This voyage was made [reason] they wanted to raise awareness about the state of the ocean and to share the wisdom of the Polynesian ancestors who loved and respected the sea. EDIT THIS: This voyage was made [reason] they wanted to raise awareness about the state of the ocean and to share the wisdom of the Polynesian ancestors who loved and respected the sea.
19.	The canoes, each about 70 feet long, carry a crew of 16 sailors from [correlative. conj…] Tonga […correlative. conj] the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Vanuatu. addition EDIT THIS: The canoes, each about 70 feet long, carry a crew of 16 sailors from [correlative. conj…] Tonga […correlative. conj] the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Vanuatu.
20.	[contrary outcome] the canoes were built as the traditional "vaka moana" canoes used by the Pacific Islanders ancestors, these canoes have some modern changes. EDIT THIS: [contrary outcome] the canoes were built as the traditional vaka moana canoes used by the Pacific Islanders ancestors, these canoes have some modern changes.
21.	[contrast] the hulls (canoe bottoms) used to be made of wood, these are made of fiberglass. fiberglass, fibreglass (n.) – a light material made from small glass threads pressed together, used for making sports cars, small boats etc. EDIT THIS: [contrast] the hulls (canoe bottoms) used to be made of wood, these are made of fiberglass.
22.	[addition], they have solar panels to power equipment onboard. an additional, conclusive fact EDIT THIS: [addition], they have solar panels to power equipment onboard.
23.	[Contrast] the ancient Polynesians navigated by the stars, these modern sailors have Internet, Facebook [corr. conj…] Twitter[…conj]. EDIT THIS: [Contrast] the ancient Polynesians navigated by the stars, these modern sailors have Internet, Facebook [correlative conj…] Twitter[…correlative conj].
24.	The crews of the six-canoe flotilla came in through the Golden Gate a week ago and were surprised [reason] the stiff winds and fog in the bay. EDIT THIS: The crews of the six-canoe flotilla came in through the Golden Gate a week ago and were surprised [reason] the stiff winds and fog in the bay.
25.	Fortunately, the fog lifted and the winds calmed down [purpose] the sailors could hold an open house and give rides to visitors. EDIT THIS: Fortunately, the fog lifted and the winds calmed down [purpose] the sailors could hold an open house and give rides to visitors.
26.	"The Pacific is our home, our breath, our future. We can only survive [condition] we come together as cultures, as crew-mates, to preserve the health of our ocean planet – Our Blue Canoe." EDIT THIS: We can only survive [condition] we come together as cultures, as crew-mates, to preserve the health of our ocean planet – Our Blue Canoe.
27.	The flotilla will continue to Monterey, Los Angeles, and San Diego. In January of 2012, the journey will continue to the Galapagos Islands, Marquesas [corr. conj…] Tahiti[… conj]. EDIT THIS: In January of 2012, the journey will continue to the Galapagos Islands, Marquesas [correlative conj…] Tahiti[…correlative conj].

Text View — "The Spirit of the Sea"

Six "vaka moana" canoes arrived in San Francisco this morning after sailing across the Pacific from New Zealand to the Hawaiian Islands and to mainland U.S. In spite of the 15,00 mile ocean journey, the canoes arrived safely.

They are participating in the voyage "Te Mana o Te Moana" which translates to "The Spirit of the Sea".This voyage was made because they wanted to raise awareness about the state of the ocean and to share the wisdom of the Polynesian ancestors who loved and respected the sea. "We are all in one canoe," they said.

The canoes, each about 70 feet long, carry a crew of 16 sailors from not only Tonga but also the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Vanuatu. More than 150 crew members are participating in the voyage, which began in April in Auckland, New Zealand.

Though the canoes were built as the traditional vaka moana canoes used by the Pacific Islander ancestors, these have some modern changes. While the hulls (canoe bottoms) used to be made of wood, these are made of fiberglass. Moreover, they have solar panels to power equipment onboard.

Whereas the ancient Polynesians navigated by the stars, these modern sailors have Internet, Facebook and Twitter as well. They even have a website on which you can track their progress. www.pacificvoyagers.org

The six-canoe flotilla came in through the Golden Gate a week ago and were surprised because of the stiff winds and fog in the bay. Fortunately, the fog lifted and the winds calmed down so that the sailors could hold an open house and give rides to visitors.

"The Pacific is our home, our breath, our future. We can only survive if we come together as cultures, as crew-mates, to preserve the health of our ocean planet – Our Blue Canoe."

The flotilla will continue to Monterey, Los Angeles, and San Diego. In January of 2012, the journey will continue to the Galapagos Islands, Marquesas and Tahiti.

— SFGate news story 8 Aug 2011

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